English Vocabulary In Use Upper-Intermediate Cambridge - Fourth Edition

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<p>University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom</p><p>One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA</p><p>477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia</p><p>4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi – 110002, India</p><p>79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906</p><p>Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.</p><p>It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of</p><p>education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.</p><p>www.cambridge.org</p><p>Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/elt</p><p>© Cambridge University Press 2017</p><p>This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception</p><p>and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,</p><p>no reproduction of any part may take place without the written</p><p>permission of Cambridge University Press.</p><p>First published 1994</p><p>Fourth Edition 2017</p><p>A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library</p><p>ISBN 978-131663174-4 Edition with answers and ebook</p><p>ISBN 978-131663175-1 Edition with answers</p><p>ISBN 978-131663177-5 ebook</p><p>Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy</p><p>of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,</p><p>and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,</p><p>accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other</p><p>factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but</p><p>Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information</p><p>thereafter.</p><p>http://www.cambridge.org/elt</p><p>http://www.cambridge.org/</p><p>Contents</p><p>Thanks</p><p>Enhanced ebook</p><p>Introduction</p><p>Effective vocabulary learning</p><p>1 Learning vocabulary</p><p>2 Organising a vocabulary notebook</p><p>3 Using your dictionary</p><p>4 Guessing and explaining meaning</p><p>Topics</p><p>5 Countries, nationalities and</p><p>languages</p><p>6 The weather</p><p>7 Describing people: appearance</p><p>8 Describing people: personality</p><p>9 Idioms describing people</p><p>10 Relationships</p><p>11 At home</p><p>12 Everyday minor problems</p><p>13 Global problems</p><p>14 Education</p><p>15 Higher education</p><p>16 Work</p><p>17 Business</p><p>18 Sport</p><p>19 Art and literature</p><p>20 Theatre and cinema</p><p>21 Music</p><p>22 Food</p><p>23 Physical geography</p><p>24 Environmental problems</p><p>25 Towns</p><p>26 The natural world</p><p>27 Clothes</p><p>28 Health and medicine</p><p>29 Medicine and technology</p><p>30 Health and lifestyle</p><p>31 Travel</p><p>32 Holidays</p><p>33 Science and technology</p><p>34 Computers</p><p>35 Communications and the Internet</p><p>36 Social media</p><p>37 The press and the media</p><p>38 Politics and public institutions</p><p>39 Crime</p><p>40 Money</p><p>41 Describing objects</p><p>Feelings and actions</p><p>42 Belief and opinion</p><p>43 Pleasant and unpleasant feelings</p><p>44 Like, dislike and desire</p><p>45 Speaking</p><p>46 The six senses</p><p>47 What your body does</p><p>48 Praising and criticising</p><p>49 Emotions and moods</p><p>50 Commenting on problematic</p><p>situations</p><p>Basic concepts</p><p>51 Number, quantity, degree and</p><p>intensity</p><p>52 Numbers and shapes</p><p>53 Time</p><p>54 Distances and dimensions</p><p>55 Obligation, need, possibility and</p><p>probability</p><p>56 Sound and light</p><p>57 Possession and giving</p><p>58 Movement and speed</p><p>59 Texture, brightness, weight</p><p>and density</p><p>60 Success, failure and difficulty</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 3</p><p>Connecting and linking words</p><p>61 Time: connecting words and</p><p>expressions</p><p>62 Condition</p><p>63 Cause, reason, purpose and</p><p>result</p><p>64 Concession and contrast</p><p>65 Addition</p><p>66 Referring words</p><p>67 Discourse markers in spoken</p><p>English</p><p>68 Linking words in writing</p><p>69 Talking and communicating</p><p>Word formation</p><p>70 Suffixes</p><p>71 Prefixes</p><p>72 Roots</p><p>73 Abstract nouns</p><p>74 Compound adjectives</p><p>75 Compound nouns 1: noun + noun</p><p>76 Compound nouns 2:</p><p>verb + preposition</p><p>77 Binomials</p><p>78 Abbreviations and acronyms</p><p>79 Multi-word expressions</p><p>Words and pronunciation</p><p>80 Words commonly mispronounced</p><p>81 Onomatopoeic words</p><p>82 Homophones and homographs</p><p>Counting people and things</p><p>83 Uncountable nouns</p><p>84 Words that only occur in the plural</p><p>85 Countable and uncountable nouns</p><p>with different meanings</p><p>86 Making uncountable nouns</p><p>countable</p><p>87 Collective nouns</p><p>88 Containers and contents</p><p>Phrasal verbs and verb-based</p><p>expressions</p><p>89 Expressions with do and make</p><p>90 Expressions with bring and take</p><p>91 Expressions with get</p><p>92 Expressions with set and put</p><p>93 Expressions with come and go</p><p>94 Expressions with other common</p><p>verbs</p><p>Varieties and styles</p><p>95 Formal and informal words 1</p><p>96 Formal and informal words 2</p><p>97 Similes</p><p>98 Proverbs</p><p>99 The language of signs and notices</p><p>100 Headline English</p><p>101 US English</p><p>Answer key</p><p>Phonemic symbols</p><p>Index</p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>4 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Thanks</p><p>Sabina Ostrowska wrote two new units for the Fourth Edition: Unit 15, Higher Education, and Unit 36,</p><p>Social Media. The publishers would like to thank Sabina for her contribution to this new edition.</p><p>Enhanced ebook</p><p>You can buy this book with or without an ebook. The ebook has the same vocabulary explanations</p><p>as the book.</p><p>Using the ebook</p><p>You can use your ebook on an iPad, Android tablet, PC or Mac.</p><p>You can listen to the text on the left-hand page to help you with your listening and pronunciation.</p><p>Using the ebook, you can:</p><p>Listen to</p><p>examples</p><p>Make</p><p>notes</p><p>Highlight</p><p>text</p><p>Bookmark</p><p>pages</p><p>How to get your ebook</p><p>Follow the instructions in the inside front cover of this book.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 5</p><p>Introduction</p><p>To the student</p><p>This book has been written to help you learn new vocabulary. You already know a large number</p><p>of English words, but to express yourself more fully and in a more sophisticated way at the upper-</p><p>intermediate level, you will ideally need about 4,000 words, so increasing your vocabulary is very</p><p>important for your general progress in English. In this book, there are over 2,500 new words and</p><p>phrases for you to learn. You will find them on the left-hand page of each unit. Every new word or</p><p>phrase is used in a sentence, or in a conversation, or is in a table, or has a picture with it, or has</p><p>some explanation of what it means. On the right-hand page there are exercises and other activities</p><p>to help you practise using the words and to help you to remember them. The book has been written</p><p>so that you can use it yourself, without a teacher. You can do the units in any order you like, but we</p><p>believe it is a good idea if you do Units 1 to 4 first, as they will help you to work with the rest of the</p><p>book in the best possible way.</p><p>The Answer key at the end of the book is for you to check your answers to the exercises after you do</p><p>them. The Answer key sometimes has more than one answer. This is because often there is not just</p><p>one correct way of saying something. Where you are asked to talk about yourself, in the Over to you</p><p>exercises, we do not generally provide answers, since this is your opportunity to work completely</p><p>independently and in a very personal way, so everyone’s answers will be very different.</p><p>The Index at the end of the book has all the important words and phrases from the left-hand</p><p>pages. The Index also tells you how to pronounce words. There is a table of phonemic symbols to</p><p>help you understand the pronunciation on page 258.</p><p>You should also have a dictionary with you when you use the book. You can use a paper</p><p>dictionary or an electronic one, or you can go to Cambridge Dictionaries Online at</p><p>http://dictionary.cambridge.org. Access to a dictionary is useful because sometimes you may</p><p>want to check the meaning of something, or find a word in your own language to help you</p><p>remember the English word. Sometimes, you will also need a dictionary for the exercises; we</p><p>tell you when this is so.</p><p>To learn a lot of vocabulary, you have to do two things:</p><p>1 Study each unit of the book carefully and do all the exercises. Check your answers in the Answer</p><p>key. Repeat the units after a month, and then again after three months, and see how much you</p><p>have learnt and how much you have forgotten.</p><p>2 Develop ways of your own to study and learn new words and phrases which are not in this</p><p>book. For example,</p><p>submit7 work, write</p><p>blogs, access wikis and leave voice messages.</p><p>1 Learning Management System or Virtual Learning Environment: computer system that controls all aspects of</p><p>teaching and learning 2 without attending classes, e.g. from home 3 using a mix of classroom and online</p><p>learning 4 check regularly 5 note: progress is uncountable 6 individual elements or parts of a course</p><p>7 send/ give their work to the teacher</p><p>Talking about education: common questions</p><p>What’s the school-leaving age? It’s 18 in a lot of countries.</p><p>At what age does compulsory education begin? [which you must do, by law]</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>D</p><p>34 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>We say: pass an exam, e.g. I passed</p><p>all my exams and graduated in 2010.</p><p>(NOT I succeeded at/in all my exams.)</p><p>Exercises</p><p>Fill the gaps in this life story of a British woman.</p><p>Amy first went to her local 1 school at the age of five. The year before that she</p><p>attended a 2 , but her parents didn’t send her to a 3 when she was very</p><p>small. When Amy was ready to go on to secondary school, she passed a special exam and so gained</p><p>4 to her local 5 school. Her friends didn’t do that exam. Like most</p><p>children, they went to a 6 school. Only a few children from very rich families go to</p><p>famous 7 schools and Amy only knew one girl from her class at primary school who</p><p>did. At the age of 16, Amy went on to 8 , where she is currently</p><p>studying English, History and Maths. Her ambition is to go on to 9</p><p>and become a teacher.</p><p>Rewrite the words in bold in this conversation using words from B opposite.</p><p>ALMUT: I’ve got one more exam tomorrow. I hope I get the minimum grade .</p><p>I’m worried.</p><p>JOE: Really? What makes you think you won’t get a high grade?</p><p>ALMUT: Well, I’ve missed a couple of classes this term.</p><p>JOE: Hm. If you get below the minimum grade, are you allowed to take the exam again?</p><p>ALMUT: Yes, but I don’t want to. Next year I want to go to university, not sit my university entrance</p><p>exams again!</p><p>Correct the mistakes in these sentences.</p><p>1 In the UK, students between 16 and 18 can go to a nursery school.</p><p>2 The school-ending age is 18 in many countries.</p><p>3 I’m glad you succeeded at your exam.</p><p>4 She has to sit on a Biology exam next week.</p><p>5 Is school compulsive till 18 in your country?</p><p>6 Do we have to admit our work to the teacher by Friday?</p><p>7 I’ve made a lot of progresses in my English recently.</p><p>8 Thanks to the LMS, teachers can mentor their students’ activities.</p><p>What do we call …?</p><p>1 learning that mixes classes and online work?</p><p>2 schools which require students to take an exam to gain admission?</p><p>3 private schools where parents pay fees?</p><p>4 learning you can do at home, without going to class?</p><p>14.1</p><p>primary</p><p>14.2</p><p>pass</p><p>14.3 sixth-form college</p><p>14.4</p><p>blended learning</p><p>14.5 Over to you</p><p>Make a chart in English for the education system in your country. Is it the same as the UK or are</p><p>there differences? Compare with someone else if possible.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 35</p><p>Higher education</p><p>University studies</p><p>Students who attend university in the UK start with undergraduate studies, which are usually the</p><p>studies towards a bachelor’s degree [a first degree at university]. They follow a programme of different</p><p>modules [parts of the university course]. They usually have to complete a certain number of credits each</p><p>year. For example, if the students need 180 credits, they might take two modules of</p><p>60 credits each, and their dissertation [long piece of writing] might be worth another 60 credits. When</p><p>they have graduated [completed their bachelor’s degree], students become graduates.</p><p>If they want to continue their university education, students can begin postgraduate studies. The</p><p>first stage of this would be a master’s degree, and aft er that they can do a PhD (doctor of philosophy)</p><p>[the highest university degree]. Postgraduate studies require students to specialise in a particular field,</p><p>and they often do research. They usually have to write another dissertation (for a master’s degree)</p><p>or a thesis (for a PhD).</p><p>People, places, and types of classes</p><p>A university campus A lecture theatre A tutorial</p><p>If you visit a university campus, you’ll see a</p><p>lecture theatre (or a lecture hall). During lectures,</p><p>students listen to a lecturer and take notes. Some</p><p>modules have seminars where smaller groups</p><p>discuss the subject in detail. The academic staff</p><p>[people who teach] might also include tutors, who</p><p>teach students individually or in small groups, in</p><p>sessions called tutorials. Many students live on</p><p>campus in halls of residence (or halls).</p><p>Student services</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>36 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Language help</p><p>An undergraduate (student) or undergrad is</p><p>a student studying for their bachelor’s degree.</p><p>A postgraduate (student) or postgrad is a</p><p>student studying for their master’s or a PhD.</p><p>Notice that postgraduate and undergraduate</p><p>can be used as nouns or adjectives.</p><p>1 a university department that deals with new</p><p>applications and new students</p><p>2 qualifications that are needed to enter a</p><p>programme</p><p>3 money that students can receive</p><p>4 money that students have to pay for their course</p><p>5 money that a student borrows to pay for their course</p><p>6 money that is given to a student to pay for a course</p><p>(usually for students who are doing well at school)</p><p>7 an organization that deals with student issues and</p><p>student life on campus, and a place where students</p><p>can meet</p><p>15</p><p>Admissions1</p><p>To apply for one of our</p><p>postgraduate programmes, check</p><p>the entry requirements2 on the</p><p>programme page. Then click here</p><p>to submit your application.</p><p>Funding3</p><p>Tuition fees4 should be</p><p>paid at the beginning of</p><p>the academic year. To apply</p><p>for a student loan5</p><p>or a scholarship6 click here.</p><p>Student Union</p><p>Visit our student union7</p><p>page to find out more</p><p>about student societies</p><p>and clubs.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 37</p><p>Exercises</p><p>What do we call …?</p><p>1 A first degree at college or university</p><p>2 The lower level of postgraduate degree</p><p>3 The highest university degree</p><p>4 A person who is studying for their first degree</p><p>5 A person who has completed their first degree</p><p>6 A person who is studying for a master’s or PhD</p><p>Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.</p><p>1 This undergraduate credit / programme / field lasts four years.</p><p>2 To complete the year students need 180 lectures / credits / modules. 60 of these are for the thesis.</p><p>3 After three years, you will research / credit / graduate with a bachelor’s degree.</p><p>4 My master’s field / credit / dissertation on modern English literature was 120 pages long.</p><p>5 Dr Lewis has been doing research / thesis / field into dolphin behaviour and has made a very</p><p>important discovery.</p><p>6 Lucy is an expert in the field / programme / research of ancient history and has just completed</p><p>her PhD on Greek art.</p><p>Fill the gaps with words from B opposite.</p><p>1 A is a place where the university buildings are located.</p><p>2 Student accommodation is called .</p><p>3 Academic staff, such as professors, tutors and , have offices at</p><p>the university.</p><p>4 are meetings (one-to-one or in small groups) with a tutor.</p><p>5 Students listen to talks in a .</p><p>6 Some are attended by two hundred students.</p><p>Correct the mistakes in these sentences.</p><p>1 There are two types of student unions: student loans and scholarships.</p><p>2 You must pay your entry requirements by 17th September.</p><p>3 A great way of meeting new people on campus is to join some of the student scholarships and clubs.</p><p>4 The admissions office helps current students with their problems and life on campus.</p><p>5 Before you submit your application, read the student loan thoroughly.</p><p>15.1</p><p>bachelor’s degree</p><p>15.2</p><p>15.3</p><p>campus</p><p>15.4</p><p>finance</p><p>15.5 Over to you</p><p>Is the system of university studies similar in your country?</p><p>Make a list of similarities and differences.</p><p>16 Work</p><p>A Jobs in a workplace</p><p>director [member of the board of a company] executive /Ig'zekjUtIv/ [important person who</p><p>makes big decisions] administrator [person who runs the office day-to-day] skilled worker</p><p>[trained to do specific tasks, e.g. building a computer] unskilled</p><p>worker [doing a job that needs no</p><p>training] receptionist [visitors must check in with them] public relations officer [gives information</p><p>about the company to the media] union representative [looks after the staff’s interests] researcher</p><p>[investigates and develops new products] supervisor [makes sure workers are doing their job properly]</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>The best way of getting to work (NOT job) depends on where you live.</p><p>Wish me luck in my new job (NOT work).</p><p>Job refers to a particular role or position. Jack’s got a new job as a researcher.</p><p>Work refers to activities that you do. Jack’s work is very demanding.</p><p>B Trades and professions</p><p>designer</p><p>C Collocations of words connected with work</p><p>It’s not easy to get/find work round these parts. I’ve been offered work / a job in Paris.</p><p>What d’you do for a living? I’m in publishing/banking, etc.</p><p>It’s hard to make a living as a freelance writer. [earn enough money to live comfortably]</p><p>She’s not prepared to take on that job. [suggests ‘having personal responsibility’]</p><p>hours of work to do shiftwork or to work shifts [nights one week, days the next week]</p><p>to be on flexi-time [flexible working hours] to work nine-to-five [regular day work]</p><p>not working to go/be on strike [industrial dispute] to get the sack [thrown out of your job]</p><p>to be fired (more formal than ‘get the sack’; often used in direct speech: ‘You’re fired!’)</p><p>to be made redundant [thrown out, no longer needed] to be laid off (more informal</p><p>than ‘made redundant’) to be on / take maternity (woman) or paternity (man) leave</p><p>[before/after the birth of a baby] to be on / take sick leave [illness] to take early</p><p>retirement [retire at 55]</p><p>other useful</p><p>expressions</p><p>to be a workaholic [love work too much] to be promoted [get a higher position]</p><p>to apply for a job [fill in forms, etc.]</p><p>civil servant</p><p>[person who works for</p><p>a government department</p><p>putting policies into action]</p><p>judge</p><p>[person who takes</p><p>decisions in legal cases]</p><p>lecturer</p><p>[university teacher]</p><p>ambassador</p><p>[chief diplomat or person</p><p>representing his/ her</p><p>government abroad]</p><p>physiotherapist</p><p>[person who treats</p><p>muscle injury by</p><p>rubbing and moving</p><p>injured areas]</p><p>economist</p><p>[expert in financial</p><p>matters] banker</p><p>scientist</p><p>PROFESSIONS</p><p>[jobs that require</p><p>considerable training</p><p>and/or qualifications]</p><p>/fIzi@U'Ter@pIst/</p><p>firefighter</p><p>carpenter</p><p>[person skilled</p><p>at making things</p><p>with wood]</p><p>plumber</p><p>[person who works</p><p>with the supply and</p><p>connection of water pipes]</p><p>childminder</p><p>[person looking after others’</p><p>children in her own home while</p><p>their parents are at work]</p><p>designer</p><p>TRADES</p><p>[skilled manual jobs</p><p>requiring on-the-job</p><p>and other training]</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate38</p><p>Exercises</p><p>16.1 Which of the job titles in A opposite would best describe the following?</p><p>1 The person who represents the workers’ interests in disputes with the management in a factory.</p><p>union representative</p><p>2 A person who has a high position in a company and whose job it is to make important</p><p>decisions.</p><p>3 An important person in a company who sits on the board.</p><p>4 A worker whose job requires no special training, for example, an office cleaner.</p><p>5 A person generally in charge of the day-to-day organisation of a company/department.</p><p>6 A person whose job it is to keep an eye on the day-to-day work of other workers.</p><p>16.2 Choose job or work to complete these sentences.</p><p>1 I’ll pay for the plumbing work when it’s finished.</p><p>2 I’d like to apply for a in your office.</p><p>3 You should delegate more to your personal assistant.</p><p>4 Let’s stop for a coffee on our way home from .</p><p>5 A in a museum wouldn’t be as tiring as one in a restaurant.</p><p>16.3 Using the expressions in C opposite, say what you think has happened / is happening.</p><p>1 I’m not working now; the baby’s due in three weeks. She’s on maternity leave.</p><p>2 He’s enjoying life on a pension, although he’s only 58.</p><p>3 One week it’s six-to-two, the next it’s nights.</p><p>4 They’ve made her General Manager as from next month!</p><p>5 I was late so often, I lost my job.</p><p>6 I get in at nine o’clock and go home at five.</p><p>7 Your trouble is you are obsessed with work!</p><p>16.4 Which jobs do these people have? Would you call the following a trade, a profession or an</p><p>unskilled job?</p><p>1 physiotherapist -profession 2 3</p><p>4 5 6</p><p>16.5 Fill in the collocations.</p><p>I’d love to 1 get/ have a job in journalism, but it’s not easy without qualifications. Since</p><p>I have to earn a 2 somehow, I’ll have to get 3 wherever I can find it.</p><p>I’ve been 4 some part-time work editing a new book, but I’m not sure I want to</p><p>5 it .</p><p>16.6 Over to you</p><p>Think of five people you know who work for a living. Can you name their jobs in English? If you</p><p>can’t, look them up in a good bilingual dictionary.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 39</p><p>17 Business</p><p>A Starting a business</p><p>Ryan Archer had an idea for a business. He had a computer but it was never just right</p><p>for all his personal needs, so he went to his bank manager and put forward1 a business</p><p>plan2 to sell custom- built3 computers on the Internet. He launched4 his business a year</p><p>later, offering an individual service making desktop and laptop computers, and two years</p><p>later rolled out5 an expanded6 range, including tablets and other hand- held devices.</p><p>His firm7 now manufactures8 around 200 machines a year and delivers to 26 countries</p><p>around the world.</p><p>Ryan said, ‘It’s all about personal service and customer care9. This was our priority10</p><p>from the start. We didn’t really do any proper market research 11 and we weren’t</p><p>sure if such machines would sell, especially during a recession12. But I felt there were</p><p>enough potential13 customers to make it worth the risk14. I was right. Soon, designers,</p><p>scientists, academics and other professional people were requesting personalised</p><p>machines and our order books15 were full.’ Going forward16, Archer plans to expand</p><p>the business further, and a new range of machines will launch next year.</p><p>1 offered for people to consider 2 a plan of how the business will operate 3 specially made for a particular</p><p>person or thing 4 started, perhaps with a special event to mark the beginning 5 make a new product</p><p>available for the first time 6 made bigger 7 company 8 produces goods in large numbers, usually in</p><p>a factory 9 looking aft er the customer’s needs 10 something very important which must be dealt with</p><p>first 11 (uncountable) finding out beforehand what people want or need 12 period of low economic activity</p><p>and bad conditions for business 13 possible when the conditions are right 14 possibility of something bad</p><p>happening 15 the list of orders waiting to be completed 16 going into the future</p><p>Language help</p><p>In business English, some verbs which usually need an object can often be used without an object</p><p>or with the real object acting as the subject.</p><p>with object real object as subject</p><p>We sold 200 instruments last year. We didn’t know if the instruments would sell.</p><p>They are launching a new range. The new range launches next year.</p><p>They are rolling out a new range. The new range will roll out next year.</p><p>B Common business English phrases and collocations</p><p>The CEO1 of a big corporation2 gave us these tips for</p><p>success in business:</p><p>Do business in the markets you know best before</p><p>trying to enter new ones.</p><p>It may be difficult to access new markets3. Build</p><p>contacts; that’s the secret.</p><p>You may not make a profit immediately. Be patient.</p><p>You will probably face stiff competition4, so</p><p>make sure your product is the best.</p><p>Get regular feedback 5 from your employees and</p><p>customers. They know best.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>Business can be countable or uncountable.</p><p>We hope to do more business in Asia next year. (uncountable = the activity. NOT We hope to do more</p><p>businesses...)</p><p>New businesses are launched on the Internet every day. (countable = enterprises/companies)</p><p>1 Chief Executive Officer 2 a large</p><p>company or group of companies</p><p>that is controlled together as a single</p><p>organisation 3 reach and do business</p><p>with new groups of customers or parts</p><p>of the world where something might</p><p>be sold 4 (uncountable) other</p><p>companies trying hard to be more</p><p>successful than you 5 (uncountable)</p><p>information/opinions about what people</p><p>think of a product or service</p><p>40 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>17.1 Fill the gaps in the questions with words from A opposite, then complete the answers.</p><p>forward1 What did Ryan Archer put to his bank manager? He presented a</p><p>.</p><p>2 What is special about the computers his makes? They are -</p><p>.</p><p>3 When did he his business? A .</p><p>4 What did he out two years later? An of computers.</p><p>5 How many computers does his firm now? About a .</p><p>6 What was Ryan Archer’s from the start? Personal service and</p><p>.</p><p>7 Why didn’t he do any research? He felt there were enough customers.</p><p>8 Why was he not sure if the machines would ? There was a at the time.</p><p>9 Was it all worth the ? Yes. His firm’s were soon full.</p><p>10 forward, what are his plans? He’s planning a new range of computers, which will</p><p>next year.</p><p>If possible, practise asking and answering the questions with someone else.</p><p>17.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words and phrases from A and B opposite.</p><p>1 The new service will be available for the first time over the whole country next year. roll out</p><p>2 The business didn’t make money in its first year.</p><p>3 There are a lot of possible customers for this product.</p><p>4 Their list of orders waiting to be completed was full last month.</p><p>5 It is sometimes difficult to get into new markets if you don’t have contacts.</p><p>6 We should pay attention to the opinions and reactions our clients post on our website.</p><p>7 Customer care is a most important issue for our company.</p><p>8 We need to make our business bigger in Latin America.</p><p>9 It’s important to create relationships with local people before you enter a new country.</p><p>17.3 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.</p><p>CEO</p><p>1 She’s the COE of a huge corporation.</p><p>2 The new range of products will launch itself next month. We hope it will be sold!</p><p>3 The firm specialises in customer-built laptops for business travellers.</p><p>4 Bringing forward, we expect to increase our sales in Japan and China.</p><p>5 It’s important to get a feedback from our clients.</p><p>6 We’re facing competitions from American firms.</p><p>7 We hope to do more businesses in North Africa in the future.</p><p>17.4 Match the words on the left with the words on the right to make typical collocations.</p><p>Then write a sentence using each one.</p><p>customer order market custom stiff built competition research care books</p><p>EXAMPLE Customer care should be a priority in any kind of business.</p><p>17.5 Over to you</p><p>If you could start a business, what would it be? What would you need to do to make it a success?</p><p>Write a paragraph outlining your ideas. Use words and phrases from this unit.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 41</p><p>Sport18</p><p>Some sports whose names you may not knowA</p><p>hang-gliding (ten-pin) bowling fencing showjumping windsurfing</p><p>snooker/pool/ motor racingsnowboarding scuba diving archery</p><p>billiards /ˈbɪljədz/</p><p>Equipment – what you hold in your handB</p><p>golf – club squash/tennis/badminton – racket darts – dart archery – bow</p><p>cricket / table tennis / baseball – bat ice hockey / field hockey – stick</p><p>snooker/pool/billiards – cue canoeing – paddle rowing – oar fishing – rod/line</p><p>C Athletics</p><p>pole vaultdiscus (throw) javelin /ˈjævlɪn/ high jump long jump gymnastics</p><p>She’s a great sprinter. [fast over short distances]</p><p>He’s a great long-distance runner. (e.g. 5,000 metres) He’s doing a marathon next month.</p><p>D Competition in sport</p><p>She set a new Olympic record last year. He holds the record for the 100 metres breaststroke.</p><p>England qualified for the World Cup but got knocked out in the third round. [achieved the necessary</p><p>standard but lost at the third stage and were then excluded from the competition]</p><p>Our team made it to / reached the semi-final but then we were beaten. [won every stage of</p><p>the competition except the last but one, and so did not enter the final match/event]</p><p>Most sports are very competitive these days. [involve a strong desire to win and be better</p><p>than other people]</p><p>She felt proud as she held the trophy in her hands. [cup or other object that shows she has won]</p><p>Players who disagree with the referee set a bad example to the spectators and to their fans. [people</p><p>who are present at a sporting event to watch it]</p><p>E People who do particular sports</p><p>-er can be used for many sports, e.g. footballer, swimmer, etc. Player is often necessary, e.g. tennis</p><p>player, squash player. Some names must be learnt separately, e.g. canoeist, mountaineer, jockey,</p><p>archer (NOT archerer), gymnast.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>In British English, the noun sport is used in the plural when it describes another noun (e.g.</p><p>equipment, facilities, club). The shop sells sports equipment. (NOT sport equipment) However, you</p><p>will hear the singular sport used before another noun in American English.</p><p>42 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>18.1 Which of the sports opposite are these people probably talking about?</p><p>1 The ball doesn’t roll in a straight line on the ground. You have to aim away from the centre of the pins.</p><p>(ten-pin) bowling</p><p>2 Provided it’s not too windy at the top of the hill, there’s no problem.</p><p>3 It is incredibly noisy, fast and dangerous, but it’s really exciting to watch.</p><p>4 The horse has to get over a series of jumps without knocking the posts off.</p><p>5 It’s all a matter of balance. But sometimes you can’t help falling in the water.</p><p>6 You need a good eye and concentration, especially to hit the centre of the board.</p><p>7 The different ball colours are worth different numbers of points.</p><p>8 It’s a fantastic feeling when the snow flies up into the air around you.</p><p>18.2 Name a piece of equipment necessary to do these sports apart from the item given.</p><p>1 golf: ball, club 4 field hockey: ball, 7 canoeing: canoe,</p><p>2 archery: arrow, 5 baseball: ball, 8 snooker: balls,</p><p>3 tennis: ball, 6 darts: dartboard, 9 rowing: boat,</p><p>18.3 Fill the gaps with suitable words.</p><p>1 She’s a long-distance runner. She won a medal last year for the 1,500 metres. She’s won a lot of</p><p>in the last five years and has them all in a glass cabinet at her house.</p><p>2 Were many new records at the last Olympics?</p><p>3 He’s doing a next week - running 42 kilometres! That’s 26 miles!</p><p>4 Who the world record for the 1,000 metres these days? Is it a Russian?</p><p>5 His national team failed to for the World Cup so he’s supporting Brazil instead.</p><p>6 Last year, our team the final for the first time in 10 years but we lost. (two</p><p>answers)</p><p>7 My team got in the second of the competition. We were very</p><p>disappointed it happened at such an early stage.</p><p>8 All Olympic sports are highly ; everyone has one ambition - to win gold.</p><p>9 Thousands of protested loudly at the decision of the to give their team</p><p>captain a red card.</p><p>10 The world’s best can run 100 metres in less than 10 seconds.</p><p>18.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake.</p><p>gymnast</p><p>1 She was a champion gymnastic when she was a teenager.</p><p>2 Are you a good tenniser? We’re trying to get a local team together.</p><p>3 My brother is an expert canoist. He’s won medals.</p><p>4 My father is a good golfist. He’s also an expert mountainer.</p><p>5 Is there a shop near here that sells sport equipment? I need a fishing rode.</p><p>6 I’d love to be a good archerer, but my eyesight isn’t very good.</p><p>7 Are you a sprinter or a long-distant runner?</p><p>8 My favourite Olympic sports are fence and the height jump.</p><p>18.5 Which sport …?</p><p>1 covers a long distance in one jump? long jump</p><p>2 throws a heavy disc a long way?</p><p>3 throws a pole with a sharp point?</p><p>18.6 Over to you</p><p>Make a list of (a) sports you have done and (b) sports you would like to do. Then list the</p><p>equipment you needed / would need for each one. Write sentences about what you liked or</p><p>disliked about sports you have tried, using vocabulary from this unit.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 43</p><p>19 Art and literature</p><p>Art and the artsA</p><p>biographies theatre</p><p>novels dance</p><p>short stories LITERATURE PERFORMING cinema</p><p>ARTS balletdrama poetry</p><p>opera, concerts: classical/rock/FINE ART(S) country and western</p><p>sculpture ceramics /sɪˈræmɪks/ (making</p><p>pots,</p><p>bowls, etc.)painting architecture</p><p>The arts (plural) covers everything in the diagram above. Art (singular, uncountable) usually means fine</p><p>art, but can also refer to technique and creativity.</p><p>Have you read the arts page in the paper today? [that part of the newspaper that deals with all the things</p><p>in the diagram] She’s a great art lover. [loves painting and sculpture] Shakespeare was skilled in</p><p>the art of poetry. [creative ability] Ask Sara to help you decorate your room - she’s very artistic.</p><p>[shows skill and imagination in creating things]</p><p>A work of art (plural = works of art) is an object made by a skilled artist - typically a painting, drawing</p><p>or statue.</p><p>The phrase arts and crafts is used to refer to the skills of making objects such as decorations,</p><p>jewellery and furniture by hand.</p><p>Types of art and artistsB</p><p>This is a sculptor – he’s creating a statue – his type of art is</p><p>called sculpture.</p><p>This is a potter – she’s throwing a pot – her type of art is</p><p>called pottery.</p><p>Henry is an architect – he’s designing a building – his type of art</p><p>is called architecture.</p><p>An abstract painting involves shapes and colours rather than</p><p>images of real people or things. A portrait is a painting of</p><p>a person. A landscape is a painting of a scene in the countryside. A still life is a painting of a set of</p><p>objects that do not move, usually fruit or flowers. An original painting is one produced by the painter</p><p>him/herself rather than a copy or reproduction.</p><p>LiteratureC</p><p>Lisa O’Donnell is one of the country’s most popular novelists1. She has written a series2 of</p><p>romantic novels all with a historical setting3. These have all been bestsellers4 although the</p><p>critics5 complain that her plots6 are predictable and her characters7 are not very realistic. Her</p><p>cousin, Lucy Smith, is a more literary8 writer and her books tend to get better reviews9 although</p><p>they do not sell so well. Both writers have a novel which will be ready for publication10 later this</p><p>year; they will also be available to download as ebooks11. We have received advance copies of</p><p>both novels and it is interesting to compare the opening passage12 from Smith’s latest book with</p><p>an extract13 from the first chapter of O’Donnell’s.</p><p>1 people who write long stories about imaginary people and events (remember a novel is typically at</p><p>2 set of books featuring the same charactersleast 150 pages long; anything shorter is a short story)</p><p>3 background for a story or film 4 very popular books that sell in large numbers 5 people whose job it is</p><p>6 stories 7 people in a book or filmto give their opinion of something, typically books, films or music</p><p>8 serious rather than popular 9 what the critics write 10 making something available in a printed form</p><p>11 electronic book 12 short piece of text 13 part of a book chosen to be used in an article or for discussion</p><p>44 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>19.1 Which branch of the arts do you think these people are talking about?</p><p>1 He’s created some beautiful vases but 2 It doesn’t have to rhyme to be good.</p><p>I’m not so keen on his other pieces.</p><p>pottery</p><p>4 Her design for the new3 Oils to me don’t have the 5 The first chapter was boring but</p><p>city hall won an award.delicacy of watercolours. it got better later.</p><p>19.2 What type of painting is each of these?</p><p>portrait1 2 3 4</p><p>19.3 Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.</p><p>1 A sculpture / sculptor is someone who makes statues.</p><p>2 The Dutch artist Rembrandt was a master of art / the art of portrait painting.</p><p>3 On Saturdays there’s a market in the city square where they sell all sorts of art / arts and craft / crafts.</p><p>4 Which would you rather be good at - art / the art or music / the music?</p><p>5 I saw some interesting abstract works of art / work of arts at the City Gallery.</p><p>19.4 Find the missing words to complete the crossword.</p><p>Across 1</p><p>C R I T I C S2</p><p>2 The have generally been very</p><p>positive about Kelly’s latest novel.</p><p>3 Do you like this picture? It’s only a 3 4</p><p>. I could never afford an original..</p><p>5 The author began his talk by reading a short 5</p><p>from his latest book.</p><p>6 I usually prefer to read books with a modern 6</p><p>rather than ones about some 7</p><p>unfamiliar period.</p><p>8</p><p>8 I’ve loved all the books in this detective</p><p>. I hope they’ll publish another. 9</p><p>one soon.</p><p>9 Max is, of course, hoping that his first novel will</p><p>become a . 10</p><p>10 Have you read any of the novel</p><p>we’ve got to read for our English class?</p><p>Down</p><p>1 Maria’s first novel is due for this summer.</p><p>2 You know from the first page that the two main in the novel are going to fall in love with</p><p>each other.</p><p>4 The novel has a very interesting with some unexpected twists in it.</p><p>7 Leo’s short story is going to be published in the country’s leading magazine.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 45</p><p>20 Theatre and cinema</p><p>At the theatreA</p><p>We went to see a new production of Hamlet last night. The sets1</p><p>were incredibly realistic and the costumes2 were wonderful. It</p><p>was a good cast3 and I thought the direction4 was excellent. Toby</p><p>Cartwright gave a marvellous performance5. It got rave reviews6.</p><p>in the papers today.</p><p>1 scenery, buildings, furniture on the stage or in a studio 2 clothes the</p><p>3 all the actors in the performance 4 the wayactors wear on stage</p><p>5+6 note these typicalthe director had organised the performance</p><p>6 got very enthusiastic commentscollocations</p><p>Dance usually refers to modern artistic dance forms; ballet /ˈbæleɪ/</p><p>usually has a more traditional feel, unless we say modern ballet.</p><p>A comedian is a person who entertains people by telling jokes. They</p><p>may have a show of their own or they may feature in a show with</p><p>lots of different entertainers. [people whose job it is to entertain others]</p><p>The people who watch a show are the audience. Viewer is only used about someone watching a</p><p>TV programme.</p><p>Language help</p><p>When we refer to a performing art in general, we can leave out the definite article, e.g. Are you</p><p>interested in (the) cinema/ballet/opera/theatre? But: Would you like to come to the cinema/</p><p>ballet/opera/theatre with us next week? [particular performance]</p><p>At the cinemaB</p><p>ANNA: Our local cinema’s showing Spectre again next week. Do you fancy going to see it?</p><p>BETH: Yes, that’d be great. I love the opening scene1 at the carnival in Mexico City. The James Bond</p><p>films are always set2 in great locations.</p><p>ANNA: Yes, and I think the film really captures3 the human side of James Bond.</p><p>BETH: That’s right. A lot of work went into the script4 for this, and the dialogue5’s particularly good,</p><p>I think.</p><p>ANNA: Do you know who the director6 was?</p><p>BETH: Sam Mendes, I think. He didn’t write the screenplay7, though. I’m not sure who wrote that.</p><p>The score8 is by Thomas Newman. He also wrote the music for Skyfall.</p><p>1 part of a play or film where the action happens in one place 2 take place 3 represents very accurately</p><p>4 the words of a play or film 5 conversation written for a book, play or film 6 person in charge of making</p><p>7 text for a film including instructions for actors and camera operators 8 music for a filma play or film</p><p>C Other words connected with events in the arts</p><p>The Opera Society are doing a performance of Don Giovanni.</p><p>The National Theatre has a very large and versatile stage. [area above ground level where</p><p>actors perform]</p><p>What’s on at the cinema/theatre, etc. next week? (note the two prepositions)</p><p>Sometimes they use our school hall as a venue for concerts - it’s a little small but is otherwise</p><p>quite good.</p><p>There was an actor on TV last night promoting an interesting new play he’s appearing in at The Globe.</p><p>[providing publicity for; noun = promotion][acting; noun = appearance]</p><p>46 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>20.1 Fill the gaps with the correct form of the word in brackets.</p><p>performance1 I thought all the cast gave an excellent in the play last night. (perform)</p><p>2 I don’t find that particularly funny. (comedy)</p><p>3 It’s unusual for a film to have two but this one did. (direct)</p><p>4 Paolo Tomassi is one of the best I’ve seen for a long time. (entertain)</p><p>5 It was one of the</p><p>best of a Shakespeare play I’ve ever seen. (produce)</p><p>6 My favourite actor makes only a brief in the film. (appear)</p><p>20.2 Definite article or not? Fill the gap with the if necessary.</p><p>—1 The government doesn’t give enough money to ballet.</p><p>2 She’s got a diploma in dance from the Performing Arts Academy.</p><p>3 I’ve got some tickets for opera. Interested?</p><p>4 Shall we go to cinema this evening? There are several good things on.</p><p>5 I much prefer theatre to ballet, don’t you?</p><p>20.3 Choose the correct word from the box to fill each gap in this online review. There are</p><p>some extra words in the box which you do not need.</p><p>audience cast costumes critics entertainers performances productions</p><p>reviews scenes screenplay script sets stage venue words</p><p>Theatre Review</p><p>Last night actors at the Central Theatre put on a new play by Martha Collins. I spoke to several other</p><p>members of the 1 audience and they all loved it. They commented afterwards on the quality of her</p><p>2______________ . They were impressed by the 3______________ the actors wore. They also found</p><p>the 4______________ original and visually interesting. Most importantly of all, the 5______________</p><p>was felt to be first class, with particularly strong 6______________ from the two leading actors. There</p><p>were also positive comments on the 7______________ , which has been recently refurbished and has</p><p>a large revolving 8______________ . The people I spoke to all hope that the 9______________ in the</p><p>national press will write rave 10______________ about the show.</p><p>20.4 Ask questions for which these remarks would be suitable answers.</p><p>1 Yes, it got rave reviews. Was the play a success?</p><p>2 No, I’m not really a concert-goer, but thanks anyway.</p><p>3 Oh, romantic comedies, I think.</p><p>4 The cast were all good, but the direction was weak.</p><p>5 A new Hungarian film; fancy going to see it?</p><p>20.5 Over to you</p><p>Choose a film and answer these questions about it.</p><p>• Who do you think gives the best performance in it?</p><p>• Who’s the director?</p><p>• Where was it set?</p><p>• What is your favourite scene in it?</p><p>• What’s the score like?</p><p>• Are there any particularly memorable lines in the dialogue?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 47</p><p>21 Music</p><p>Downloading and managing your musicA</p><p>Downloading music as MP31 files is easy.</p><p>• You can download a whole album or individual tracks2 onto your phone or computer.</p><p>• You can save your favourite albums and tracks in playlists so you can find them easily.</p><p>• You can sync3 (or, more formal, synchronise) the music files on your computer with your phone.</p><p>• You can also stream4 music from the Internet or from your computer to other rooms in your</p><p>home if you have the right equipment.</p><p>1 a popular type of audio file - you can listen to the files on a computer or mobile device 2 one song or piece</p><p>3 have exactly the same files and data on more than one device 4 play music inof music from an album</p><p>real time from one source to another</p><p>B A typical rock band</p><p>She’s lead singer in a rock band. One of</p><p>her brothers plays lead guitar and her</p><p>other brother is a keyboard player, so</p><p>it’s a real family band.</p><p>What would you rather play in a band, keyboardbass /beɪs/drums or bass? I could never be a drums</p><p>drummer but I think I could become a</p><p>fairly good bass guitarist.</p><p>guitar</p><p>Types of musicC singer</p><p>My family all have different tastes in music. My sister Niki loves classical</p><p>music, my uncle Ben’s a folk fan and my father loves jazz. I like R&B1 and</p><p>hip-hop2. I even compose a bit of rap3 myself! My older brother is into4</p><p>The Beatles and other 60s music5. My mother loves film soundtracks6</p><p>but I just find them uninteresting. One type of music I can’t stand is the</p><p>canned music7 you get in supermarkets and airports – it drives me crazy!</p><p>1 Rhythm and Blues, originally a black American form of blues music with a strong rhythm</p><p>2 a style of popular music where the words are spoken rather than sung 3 the words spoken in</p><p>4 interested in and enthusiastic about 5 music from the 1960ship-hop music (can also be a verb)</p><p>6 music from a film or TV show 7 artificial or recorded music played in the background</p><p>D Collocations for musical activities</p><p>She plays the guitar but she doesn’t read music. She plays by ear. She’s got a good ear*. She can</p><p>pick out* a tune on almost any instrument. She’s a very talented musician.</p><p>You can make music in lots of ways. You don’t need to be a trained musician to enjoy music to</p><p>the full.</p><p>* informal</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>We say: classical music. (NOT classic) She loves classical music. (NOT classic music) Music is</p><p>uncountable. They played fantastic music for an hour. (NOT fantastic musics)</p><p>48 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>21.1 Fill the gaps in the conversation.</p><p>albumHENRY: I’ve been listening to some songs from the new by the Hoods. It’s great. I</p><p>downloaded them to my on my phone, so I’ve got them in both places. I just</p><p>got six , not the whole thing.</p><p>ANNA: Oh, right. I download music files but then forget to them with my phone, so</p><p>I don’t have them when I travel! But I can them from the computer in my study</p><p>to the audio system in the living room, so I do get to listen to them. I’ve made some good</p><p>with my favourite tracks.</p><p>21.2 In a typical rock band …</p><p>the lead singer1 … who usually sings the songs?</p><p>2 … who keeps the rhythm using two sticks?</p><p>3 … who plays the lowest musical notes?</p><p>4 … who plays an electric piano or organ?</p><p>5 … who plays the highest notes on the guitar?</p><p>Read the comments and then answer the questions.21.3</p><p>Ross ‘I must be the only Emma ‘I love the old original James ‘I love the film and</p><p>person who actually likes the tracks by groups like The I’m going to buy the music</p><p>music in supermarkets.’ Beatles and the Rolling Stones.’ from it. I often buy film music.’</p><p>Lauren ‘I listen to the Natalie ‘I just love the way Liam ‘I’ve always loved the</p><p>traditional songs of my they can speak the words so blues and I like music with a</p><p>country and try to learn fast - it’s so clever.’ strong rhythm.’</p><p>them.’</p><p>James1 Who likes soundtracks? 4 Who is a folk music fan?</p><p>2 Who likes hip-hop? 5 Who likes R&B?</p><p>3 Who likes 60s music? 6 Who likes canned music?</p><p>21.4 Complete the missing words in this advertisement. You are sometimes given the first letter(s).</p><p>Do you have a good _____________ for music? Do you play a musicalearHELP WANTED</p><p>instrument _____________ ear? Can you p_____________ out a tune on an</p><p>instrument you’ve never played before? We are looking for volunteers to take</p><p>part in an experiment to investigate people’s natural musical abilities. You</p><p>don’t need to be a tr_____________ musician and you don’t need to be able</p><p>to r_____________ music. If you just _____________ music at home or with</p><p>friends for fun, whatever kinds of m_____________ you are i_____________,</p><p>whether it’s cl_____________ music, j_____________, pop, we want to hear</p><p>from you. We believe there are many ta_____________ musicians out there</p><p>and we want to learn more about how you do it. CALL 01255 7561447</p><p>21.5 Over to you</p><p>Write answers that are true for you.</p><p>1 Can you remember the name of the first album you ever bought? Who was it by?</p><p>2 How often do you download tracks or whole albums? Which do you prefer to do?</p><p>3 Which kinds of music mentioned on the opposite page do you particularly like/dislike?</p><p>4 Can you play any musical instruments and how well do you play them?</p><p>5 What instrument and what kind of music would you like to be able to play well and why?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 49</p><p>22 Food</p><p>Talking about flavours and tastes - adjectives and some opposites (≠)A</p><p>hot, spicy (e.g. curry) ≠ mild bland [very little flavour; rather negative]</p><p>salty [a lot of salt] sugary [a lot of sugar] sickly [too much sugar]</p><p>savoury /ˈseɪvəri/ [pleasant, slightly salty or with herbs]</p><p>sour [sharp, often unpleasant taste, like a lemon, and not sweet]</p><p>bitter [with an unpleasantly sharp taste] tasty [has a good taste/flavour] ≠ tasteless [no flavour at all]</p><p>moreish [having a pleasant taste, so you want to eat more]</p><p>I love spicy food, especially curries - the hotter the better!</p><p>My sister prefers mild curries.</p><p>Those cakes are too sugary for me. They have a sickly taste.</p><p>They had some delicious savoury snacks at the party. They were very moreish.</p><p>The breakfast buffet was very poor quality: the coffee tasted bitter and the fruit juice was sour.</p><p>The food on the plane was bland and tasteless - it was like eating cardboard!</p><p>Appearance, presentation and quality of foodB</p><p>This meat is overcooked/overdone / undercooked/underdone.</p><p>I’m afraid this mango is a bit unripe. They’re not really in season at the moment. [not ready to eat; opp</p><p>= ripe] [being produced and ready and available]</p><p>This butter has gone off. I think we should throw it out. [not good to eat because it is too old]</p><p>I don’t feel like anything heavy. I just want something light; a salad would be fine.</p><p>British cooking can be very stodgy. /ˈstɒdʒi/ [heavy, hard to digest]</p><p>Zoe will only buy organic fruit and vegetables. [grown without artificial chemicals]</p><p>We should try to have a balanced diet, without too much or too little of any particular thing.</p><p>A diet of junk food can cause long-term health problems. [food that is unhealthy but easy and quick to</p><p>eat] Processed food in general is not good for you. [that has been treated with chemicals to preserve it or</p><p>give it extra colour or taste]</p><p>C Eating out</p><p>At most good restaurants, you usually have to book a table</p><p>/ make a reservation beforehand. If something happens, or</p><p>you are ill, you may need to cancel the booking/reservation. In the UK a</p><p>meal in a restaurant is typically three courses: a starter1, a main course,</p><p>then a dessert. You can often order side dishes2. Some restaurants may</p><p>have a set menu [a selection of dishes at a fixed price], or you can order</p><p>individual dishes (called ordering à-la-carte). Restaurants often have</p><p>specials3 advertised on a board. They often cater for vegetarians, non-</p><p>meat-eaters4 and vegans5.</p><p>1 light snack / appetiser 2 a smaller dish alongside the main course (e.g. an extra vegetable)</p><p>3 dishes only available on that day 4 people who don’t eat meat but who are not vegetarians</p><p>5 people who don’t eat or use any animal products, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese or leather</p><p>Eating at homeD</p><p>1 the person who has invited the guestsHOST:1 Right, there’s more soup. Who wants seconds2?</p><p>2 a second serving of somethingGUEST: Oh, yes, please. It was absolutely delicious.</p><p>3 serve yourselfHOST: There’s bread here. Just help yourself3.</p><p>4 desserts are often called puddingGUEST: Thanks.</p><p>(uncountable), a sweet (countable) orHOST: Be sure to keep a bit of room for some pudding4.</p><p>afters (plural) at homeCan I re-fill your glass?</p><p>GUEST: Ah, yes, thank you.</p><p>HOST: Say when.</p><p>GUEST: When! That’s fine. Thanks.</p><p>50 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>22.1 Which taste and flavour words opposite could you use to describe the following?</p><p>1 a strong Indian curry spicy / hot 4 an unripe apple</p><p>2 a pizza with cheese and herbs 5 a cup of tea with five spoonfuls of sugar</p><p>3 sea water 6 extremely strong black coffee with no sugar</p><p>22.2 Using words from B opposite, what could you say to the person/people with you in a</p><p>restaurant if …</p><p>1 you had ordered a mild curry but got the opposite? This curry is too hot / too spicy for me.</p><p>2 the fish you ordered had obviously been cooked too much / too long?</p><p>3 you ordered melon and it was very hard?</p><p>4 your dish seemed to have no flavours at all?</p><p>5 there was too much salt in your soup?</p><p>6 someone at your table recommended a big steak but you just wanted a salad?</p><p>7 the dish you ordered was very heavy and difficult to digest?</p><p>8 a piece of chicken you ordered had not been cooked enough?</p><p>9 you wonder if the vegetables have been grown without artificial chemicals?</p><p>22.3 Read the comments and then complete the sentences with words and phrases from the</p><p>opposite page.</p><p>1 Chris: ‘I had to call the waiter to bring me a knife and fork.’ Chris needed</p><p>(some) cutlery .</p><p>2 Emma: ‘If you want a dish not on the menu there’s usually a blackboard with other dishes.’</p><p>The restaurant usually has some .</p><p>3 Oscar: ‘The peanuts were free and I just couldn’t stop eating them.’ Oscar thought the</p><p>peanuts were .</p><p>4 Tina: ‘I needed one because I didn’t want to spill food on my new dress.’ Tina needed</p><p>.</p><p>5 Jordi: ‘I’m not a vegetarian; I just don’t eat meat.’ Jordi is a .</p><p>6 Okas: ‘I didn’t like the set menu. I ordered individual dishes.’ Okas ordered .</p><p>7 Phoebe: ‘It’s a big student restaurant. You don’t need to phone beforehand.’ Phoebe said</p><p>you don’t need to / . (two answers).</p><p>8 Krishnan: ‘With my main course I ordered an extra bowl of chips and some mushrooms.’</p><p>Krishnan ordered a couple of .</p><p>9 Emily: ‘Everybody had colds so we phoned the restaurant and said we weren’t coming.’</p><p>Emily and her friends cancelled / . (two answers).</p><p>10 Hannah: ‘I had some prawns before the main course.’ Hannah had .</p><p>22.4 If you were the host at a dinner party, what could you say to your guests if …</p><p>wants seconds1 you offered them another serving of something? Who ?</p><p>2 you wanted them to serve themselves? Please .</p><p>3 you started to re-fill their glass? . What could the guest say when you had.</p><p>poured enough? !</p><p>4 you offered them something sweet after the main course? Would you like /</p><p>/ / ? (four possible answers)</p><p>22.5 Over to you</p><p>Write sentences that are true for you.</p><p>1 Which words from A and B opposite could you use to describe the food of your country or culture? Give</p><p>some examples of dishes. Which fruit or vegetables are in season at different times of the year?</p><p>2 Describe your favourite dish, what is in it, how it is prepared, what flavours it has, etc.</p><p>3 How often do you eat junk food or processed food? Why? Do you have a balanced diet? In what ways?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 51</p><p>23 Physical geography</p><p>Geographical featuresA</p><p>You have to be careful about the use of ‘the’ with geographical features.</p><p>use with ‘the’? example</p><p>countries no France</p><p>countries which are in a plural form yes the USA, the Philippines</p><p>individual mountains no Mount Everest</p><p>mountains in the Bernese Oberland yes the Jungfrau /ˈjʊŋfraʊ/</p><p>mountain chains yes the Himalayas /hɪməˈleɪjəz/</p><p>islands no Sicily</p><p>groups of islands yes the West Indies</p><p>rivers yes the Volga</p><p>oceans yes the Pacific</p><p>seas yes the Mediterranean /medɪtəˈreɪniən/</p><p>gulfs, bays and straits yes the Gulf of Mexico, the Bay of Biscay, the</p><p>Strait of Malacca</p><p>lakes no Lake Erie</p><p>currents yes the Gulf Stream</p><p>Language help</p><p>Although most countries do not take ‘the’, they do need the definite article when they are</p><p>followed by a phrase limiting the meaning, e.g. the Japan of today, the France we know from</p><p>paintings, the South America of the past.</p><p>Geographical features in IcelandB</p><p>Iceland An island republic in the North Atlantic. The</p><p>landscape consists largely of barren plains1 and</p><p>mountains, with large ice fields particularly in the south</p><p>west. The island has active volcanoes2 and is known for</p><p>its thermal3 springs and geysers4. With less than 1% of</p><p>the land suitable for growing crops5, the nation’s economy</p><p>is based on fishing, and fish products account for 80%</p><p>of the exports. Area: 103,000 km2. Population: 318,000.</p><p>Capital: Reykjavik.</p><p>1 flat land where little grows 2 volcanoes that still erupt</p><p>3 hot 4 hole in the ground that sends out hot water and</p><p>5 food that is grownsteam</p><p>The sea, rivers and mountainsC</p><p>Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach</p><p>Words connected with rivers: valley, gorge [valley with very</p><p>steep sides], stream [small river]</p><p>Words connected with mountains: foot, ridge, peak,</p><p>summit, glacier [river of ice]</p><p>52 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>23.1 Find words on the opposite page that match the definitions.</p><p>1 a movement of water in a particular direction current</p><p>2 the wide part of a river at its mouth</p><p>3 the top of a mountain (two words)</p><p>4 the place where a river starts</p><p>5 the land along the edge of a sea or lake</p><p>6 a narrow stretch of sea between two areas of land</p><p>7 a long piece of land sticking out into the sea or a lake</p><p>8 a long narrow high part of a mountain</p><p>23.2 In</p><p>the paragraph below all the instances of the have been River Amazon</p><p>omitted. Insert them wherever they are necessary.</p><p>the</p><p>Brazil is ∧fifth largest country in world. In north,</p><p>densely forested basin of River Amazon covers half Brazil</p><p>country. In east, country is washed by Atlantic. Brasilia</p><p>Highest mountain chain in South America, Andes,</p><p>does not lie in Brazil. Brazil’s most famous city Rio de Janeiro</p><p>is Rio de Janeiro, former capital. Today capital of</p><p>Brazil is Brasilia.</p><p>23.3 Can you answer the following general knowledge geography quiz?</p><p>Mount Kilimanjaro1 What is the highest mountain in Africa?</p><p>2 What is the longest river in Europe?</p><p>3 Where is the highest waterfall in the world?</p><p>4 Name another country, apart from Iceland, which has geysers and hot springs.</p><p>5 What is a delta and which famous river has one?</p><p>6 Where are the Straits of Gibraltar and the Cape of Good Hope?</p><p>23.4 Find 17 more words for geographical features. Words go horizontally or vertically but</p><p>not diagonally.</p><p>23.5 Give two nouns from the opposite page to go with the adjectives below. Try not to</p><p>repeat any of the nouns you choose.</p><p>beach1 sandy 4 rocky</p><p>2 steep 5 turbulent</p><p>3 shallow 6 dangerous</p><p>23.6 Over to you</p><p>Draw a map of a country or area that interests you. Write the English names of its main</p><p>geographical features on it. Write a paragraph about the geography of the area.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 53</p><p>24 Environmental problems</p><p>A The problems and their causes</p><p>A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world. As globalisation1 continues,</p><p>local issues become internationalones, so todaythereare fewplaces in theworld thatdonot suffer</p><p>from environmental problems. Some of the major problems now affecting the world are acid</p><p>rain2, air pollution3, global warming4, hazardous5 waste, ozone depletion6, smog7, water</p><p>pollution, overpopulation, and rainforest destruction8. People are also worried about the</p><p>greenhouse effect, where an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide [CO2] and other gases9</p><p>in the Earth’s atmosphere10 causes a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth. This global</p><p>warming is leading to the thawing of the polar ice caps11 and all this is causing concern</p><p>about climate change. Both human behaviour and climate change have led to many animal</p><p>and plant species12 becoming endangered13 or even extinct14.</p><p>1 increasing business, cultural and other contacts between countries 2 rain which contains harmful chemicals</p><p>as a result of burning substances such as oil and coal [acid = a type of liquid that reacts chemically with other</p><p>materials, sometimes dissolving them] 3 damage caused to the air by harmful substances or waste</p><p>4 rise in the world’s temperature 5 dangerous 6 reduction in the ozone layer [layer of air above the Earth</p><p>containing ozone which prevents harmful ultraviolet light from the sun from reaching Earth]</p><p>7 air pollution found in cities caused by a mixture of smoke, gases and chemicals (the word has been formed</p><p>8 destroying (cutting down) forest in a tropical area which receives a lot of rainfrom smoke + fog)</p><p>9 substance in a form that is neither solid nor liquid 10 the mixture of gases around the Earth</p><p>11 ice covering the areas at the North and South Poles 12 types 13 very few in number, at risk of</p><p>14 not existing any longerbecoming extinct</p><p>Language help</p><p>The prefix over- means too much. Overfishing means that people have fished so much that it is</p><p>having a serious effect on fish populations. Overpopulated means there are so many people</p><p>living in an area that life is difficult there.</p><p>B Dealing with the problems</p><p>Worldwide efforts are being made to improve the situation. Green parties and green or ecological</p><p>policies are mainly concerned with protecting the environment. Conservation organisations are</p><p>developing nature reserves where plants and animals are protected. Some farmers produce organic</p><p>food, which avoids the use of harmful chemicals. More companies try to behave in a way that is</p><p>environmentally friendly or ecologically sound. Societies attempt to dispose of waste in a more</p><p>responsible way, by, for example, recycling as much as possible. People aim to reduce their carbon</p><p>footprint by using cars less so that they cut down on their use of fossil fuels, for example.</p><p>Word familiesC</p><p>noun verb adjective adverb</p><p>globalisation globalise global globally</p><p>environment, environmentalist environmental environmentally</p><p>pollution, pollutant pollute polluting</p><p>destruction destroy destructive destructively</p><p>disposal dispose disposable</p><p>reduction reduce reduced</p><p>54 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>24.1 Answer each question, using a word or expression from the box.</p><p>acid rain carbon dioxide endangered species extinct global warming</p><p>globalisation hazardous waste ozone layer polar ice caps destruction of rainforests</p><p>smog water pollution</p><p>1 What happened to dinosaurs about 65 million years ago? They became extinct.</p><p>2 What is the name for a special layer in the Earth’s atmosphere which helps protect our planet?</p><p>3 What word can be used to describe the increasing contact between countries that has a major</p><p>impact on life today?</p><p>4 What causes problems because it is difficult to dispose of safely?</p><p>5 What have scientists shown to be melting worryingly fast at the North and South Poles?</p><p>6 What does the chemical symbol CO2 represent?</p><p>7 What has been happening in the Amazon area and in other tropical areas like Indonesia and</p><p>Malaysia?</p><p>8 What problem is a type of air pollution?</p><p>9 What can cause harm to plant or other life when it falls on the land or sea?</p><p>10 What is the Siberian tiger an example of?</p><p>11 What has caused much plant and animal life in rivers in industrial areas to die out?</p><p>12 What is the term for the phenomenon describing the rise in the Earth’s average temperature?</p><p>24.2 Match words to form compound nouns.</p><p>acid rain1 acid fuel 6 greenhouse disposal</p><p>2 carbon change 7 nature reserve</p><p>3 climate party 8 organic depletion</p><p>4 fossil footprint 9 ozone effect</p><p>5 green rain 10 waste food</p><p>24.3 Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence.</p><p>environmentalist1 An is a person who does what they can to help protect the environment.</p><p>2 items like plastic cups and paper plates are labour-saving but have a harmful effect on</p><p>the environment.</p><p>3 The government says it is aiming for a significant in this country’s use of fossil fuels over</p><p>the next ten years.</p><p>4 The company plans to part of a nature reserve in order to build its new warehouses.</p><p>5 Carbon monoxide (CO) is an example of an air .</p><p>6 The melting of the polar ice caps will have a impact on the environment.</p><p>7 Staff can of all recyclable items in these green bins.</p><p>8 Air pollution may the lives of people with respiratory illnesses.</p><p>9 This company is proud of its friendly policies.</p><p>24.4 Over to you</p><p>Answer these questions.</p><p>1 Which of the environmental problems in A exist in your country?</p><p>2 Do you think climate change is having any impact in your country?</p><p>3 How much support do green parties have in your country?</p><p>4 What could power cars instead of petrol or diesel?</p><p>5 Suggest three things people can do to reduce their carbon footprint.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 55</p><p>Towns25</p><p>A Describing a city</p><p>The words city and town are sometimes used interchangeably but a city is generally large with a</p><p>wider range of facilities. This is a description of Cork, one of Ireland’s main cities. Which words or</p><p>phrases might be useful for describing your own or another town?</p><p>Cork city is the major metropolis of the south; indeed, with a population</p><p>of about 119,500, it is the second largest city in the Republic. The main</p><p>business and shopping centre of the town lies on the island created by</p><p>two channels of the River Lee, with many of the suburbs within walking</p><p>distance of the centre. The buses tend to be overcrowded and the one-way</p><p>traffic system is extremely complicated. In the hilly area of the city is the</p><p>famous Shandon Steeple, the bell-tower of St Anne’s Church, built on the</p><p>site of a church destroyed</p><p>when the city was besieged by the English in 1690.</p><p>Back across the River Lee lies the city’s cathedral, an imposing 19th-century</p><p>building in the French Gothic style. Cork has two markets. Neither caters specifically for tourists but those who</p><p>enjoy the lively atmosphere of a real working market will appreciate their charm. The town has good sports</p><p>and arts facilities. The Crawford Art Gallery is well worth a visit. It regularly puts on adventurous exhibitions</p><p>by contemporary artists. The fashionable residential districts of Cork city overlook the picturesque harbour.</p><p>There are other residential areas on the outskirts.</p><p>B Facilities</p><p>Sports: swimming pool sports centre golf course tennis courts football pitch skating rink</p><p>Culture: theatre opera house concert hall radio station art gallery</p><p>Education: school college university library adult education centre museum</p><p>Catering, accommodation and night-life: restaurant take-away hotel B&B (bed and breakfast)</p><p>youth hostel club</p><p>Transport: bus service taxi rank car hire car park parking meters</p><p>Other: health centre law courts registry office citizens’ advice bureau job centre</p><p>department store chemist’s garden centre police station Town/City Hall</p><p>estate agent housing estate industrial estate</p><p>C Problems in cities</p><p>problem effect cause</p><p>traffic jams traffic very slow; commuters get very too much traffic, especially in the</p><p>stressed rush hour</p><p>slums housing in a bad condition poverty - people don’t have money to</p><p>spend on housing</p><p>vandalism pointless destruction of property poverty; lack of hope</p><p>overcrowding difficult living conditions too many people living in one place</p><p>pollution deterioration in health traffic and industrial</p><p>D Adjectives to describe a city</p><p>picturesque [very pretty and attractive], historic, spacious [with plenty of space], elegant, magnificent,</p><p>lively, deserted [no one on the streets, e.g. at night], bustling [with lots of movement], packed [very</p><p>crowded], filthy [very dirty], run-down [in a very bad condition]</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>There are a lot of open spaces in the centre of London. (NOT There are a lot of open places in …)</p><p>56 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>25.1 Check that you understand the text about Cork by answering the following questions.</p><p>1 Where is Cork? Cork is in the south of the Republic of Ireland.</p><p>2 Where is the shopping and business centre of Cork?</p><p>3 What is Cork’s traffic system like?</p><p>4 What is special about the site of St Anne’s Church?</p><p>5 In what style is the architecture of Cork Cathedral?</p><p>6 Can you buy souvenirs at the markets?</p><p>7 Why is the Crawford Gallery worth visiting?</p><p>8 Where do Cork people live?</p><p>25.2 Fill in the gaps in this description of a town. Use words from the text about Cork.</p><p>secondCambridge has the 1 oldest university in</p><p>England (after Oxford). It has a 2 of around</p><p>108,900, many of whom are students. The main tourist</p><p>3 of the town lies in the city centre, around</p><p>the university colleges. A number of the old university</p><p>buildings are built on the 4 of former</p><p>monasteries or convents. Most of the more picturesque</p><p>colleges 5 the River Cam.</p><p>Most of the main hotels in the town are within walking 6 of the centre. The town</p><p>centre has a lively fruit and vegetable 7 and it 8 to be very crowded on</p><p>Saturdays. The Fitzwilliam Museum is well 9 visiting as is an art gallery called Kettle’s</p><p>Yard which regularly puts on quite varied 10 by a range of artists. The town also has</p><p>plenty of sports 11 catering for both young and old. An interesting new Science Park</p><p>has been built on the 12 of the town, about two kilometres from the city centre.</p><p>25.3 Look at the facilities listed in B. Think of a town and tick all those facilities which the</p><p>town has.</p><p>25.4 Suggest three words which would collocate well with the nouns below. The words do not</p><p>have to be on the left-hand page.</p><p>1 history / science / folk / museum 4 / / / court</p><p>2 / / / centre 5 / / / club</p><p>3 / / / college 6 / / / agency</p><p>25.5 Which of the facilities in B might you go to in order to:</p><p>1 dance? a club 4 get married? 7 borrow a book?</p><p>2 play tennis? 5 buy a house? 8 buy a meal to eat at home?</p><p>3 find a taxi? 6 see an exhibition? 9 do an evening class?</p><p>25.6 What are the problems in C for these suggested solutions?</p><p>1 They should provide good-quality state housing. slums</p><p>2 There should be stricter laws about traffic emissions.</p><p>3 They should restrict the number of people living in any one area.</p><p>4 People who destroy public property should be made to do community service.</p><p>5 We need a much better public transport system.</p><p>25.7 Over to you</p><p>Write a description of the town where you live or another town you know well, using as much</p><p>of the vocabulary from this unit as possible.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 57</p><p>The natural world26</p><p>A Birds and animals</p><p>horns</p><p>manebeak whiskerswing</p><p>tailfur</p><p>eggs</p><p>nest</p><p>hoof</p><p>feather clawspaw</p><p>B Flowers and trees</p><p>leaves</p><p>petals pollen</p><p>branchbud boughthorn leaf bark</p><p>twig trunk</p><p>stem roots</p><p>C Specific animals</p><p>Here are the English names of some creatures that you may not know.</p><p>frog whale shark bat worm deer (singular</p><p>and plural)</p><p>owl fox snail crab pigeon peacock seal</p><p>D Some verbs and collocations for talking about processes in nature</p><p>Our apple tree flowers / blossoms in April.</p><p>Let’s pick some flowers.</p><p>These birds lay their eggs on the ground.</p><p>Bees collect pollen from flowers to make honey.</p><p>Some verbs can be intransitive (no object) or transitive (with an object):</p><p>These flowers grow very quickly. We grew some tomatoes in our garden last year.</p><p>These animals breed in the spring. My neighbour breeds Burmese cats and sells them.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>Remember, we pick flowers / fruit; we don’t say pick up.</p><p>We picked some flowers and put them in a vase. (NOT picked up)</p><p>We pick something up when it has fallen from its normal position or someone drops it.</p><p>A woman dropped her purse so I picked it up and gave it back to her.</p><p>58 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>26.1 Answer the questions about the animals and plants on the opposite page.</p><p>in a nest1 Where does a bird lay its eggs?</p><p>2 What do bees help to move from one flower to another as they collect nectar</p><p>to make honey?</p><p>3 What do we call the hairs that stick out from a cat’s face?</p><p>4 Which part of a flower usually has the brightest colour(s)?</p><p>5 What do we call a horse’s foot?</p><p>26.2 Put these words into two groups: ‘animal words’ or ‘plant words’.</p><p>mane petal oak willow fox worm thorn horn bark stem claw owl</p><p>animal words plant words</p><p>mane</p><p>26.3 Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using words from the opposite page.</p><p>roots1 A tree’s go a long way underground.</p><p>2 A cat can sharpen its against the of a tree.</p><p>3 Most fruit trees in spring.</p><p>4 Plants will not unless they get enough water and light.</p><p>5 Flowers last longer in a vase if you crush the end of their .</p><p>6 A flower that is just about to open is called a .</p><p>7 Take care not to prick yourself. That plant has sharp .</p><p>8 If we pick up those , we can use them to start the fire.</p><p>9 use a kind of radar to find their way around.</p><p>10 move very, very slowly.</p><p>26.4 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>d1 A large bough fell a some herbs to put on our pizza.</p><p>2 We picked up b its feathers. It was beautiful.</p><p>3 The scientists grew c into the stream and swam away.</p><p>4 The peacock opened d from the tree during the storm.</p><p>5 A frog jumped e some apples that had dropped from the tree.</p><p>6 We picked f a new type of tomato that was very big.</p><p>26.5 Answer the questions.</p><p>a deer, a snail1 Which moves fastest and which moves slowest: a worm, a snail, or a deer?</p><p>2 Which is the odd one out: a seal, a whale, or a crab?</p><p>3 Which of these animals has paws: a frog, a bat, a cat, a pigeon?</p><p>4 Which is correct? The bird lay / laid / lied three eggs.</p><p>5 Which is correct: (a), (b), or both? (a) He breeds horses. (b) Rabbits breed very quickly.</p><p>6 Which is a bird: a bat, a pigeon or both?</p><p>26.6 Over to you</p><p>A tulip is the national emblem of the Netherlands and a maple leaf represents</p><p>Canada. What flower or</p><p>animal is used as the national emblem of your</p><p>country?</p><p>Find out what other plants or animals are national emblems of other countries.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 59</p><p>Clothes27</p><p>A Some items of clothing</p><p>At this level you probably already know most of the everyday words for clothes. Here are some items</p><p>of clothing or parts of them which are perhaps less familiar.</p><p>hoodie</p><p>hood bikini</p><p>sleevecollar cuff</p><p>hemzippyjamas badge</p><p>laces</p><p>belt sole heelbuckle bra helmet slippers</p><p>Language help</p><p>Most items of clothing covering the legs are plural words only. If you wish to count them, you need</p><p>to say, e.g. Six pairs of trousers/shorts/tights/jeans/underpants or Jamie’s football shorts are too</p><p>small for him now. I need to get him a new pair.</p><p>B Verbs associated with clothing</p><p>Can I try on these grey shoes in the window?</p><p>I love dressing up for parties as I normally wear jeans.</p><p>The skirt is too tight and too short - it needs letting out and letting down.</p><p>The dress is too loose and too long - it needs taking in and taking up.</p><p>He changed out of his weekend clothes into his uniform.</p><p>Red usually doesn’t suit people with ginger hair.</p><p>Her black bag matches her shoes.</p><p>Those shoes don’t fit my son any more. He’s grown out of them.</p><p>C Adjectives for describing people’s clothing</p><p>How things fit: baggy [loose] close-fitting [tight]</p><p>Style: long-sleeved sleeveless V-neck round-neck</p><p>Materials: denim [jeans are usually made of this] woollen</p><p>[made of wool] suede [a kind of leather that isn’t shiny] pinstriped spotted</p><p>plain striped checked flowery tartan</p><p>D Other words and expressions useful for talking about clothing</p><p>Anna always looks very elegant even when she’s dressed casually. [in a casual or informal way]</p><p>I don’t think it’s worth spending money on designer sunglasses. [made by a famous or fashionable designer]</p><p>Does your country have a special national costume?</p><p>Alessandra’s put her top on inside out - I can see the label!</p><p>The burglars wore masks and hoods as a disguise in the hope that no one would be able to</p><p>recognise them on CCTV.</p><p>60 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>27.1 Which words illustrated in A opposite fit best in the following sentences?</p><p>belt.1 I’ve eaten too much - I’ll have to loosen my</p><p>2 I must get my black shoes repaired. One is broken and both the</p><p>have holes in them.</p><p>3 Do up your or you’ll fall over.</p><p>4 It’s not very warm today. You should wear a over your shirt.</p><p>5 Put your on - this floor is very cold.</p><p>6 I’ve almost finished making my dress for the party but I’ve still got to take up the</p><p>and sew on some .</p><p>7 It’s starting to rain - why don’t you put your up so you don’t get wet.</p><p>8 Come on, children. It’s time for bed. Go and put your on.</p><p>9 You must wear a when you ride a motorbike.</p><p>10 Maya went on holiday last week. She packed her beach towel but forgot her</p><p>so she couldn’t go swimming.</p><p>27.2 Complete these sentences with any appropriate word. Use pair where it is necessary.</p><p>pair of jeans..1 Josh badly needs to buy a new</p><p>2 Blue are a kind of international uniform for young people.</p><p>3 It’s too cold for . Put your trousers on.</p><p>4 Dad needs some new underpants. Can you buy him three today?</p><p>5 I’ve got a hole in my tights. I’ll have to change into a new .</p><p>27.3 Write two items of clothing that collocate with these adjectives.</p><p>top, jeans1 close-fitting 4 woollen</p><p>2 baggy 5 suede</p><p>3 checked 6 denim</p><p>27.4 Which words and expressions from D do these pictures illustrate?</p><p>1 Natasha always</p><p>looks elegant.. 2 Japanese 3</p><p>4 5 He's turned his pockets</p><p>27.5 Put the right verb, match, suit or fit, into each of these sentences.</p><p>fits1 The blue dress her perfectly now she’s had it taken in.</p><p>2 The blue of her dress the blue of her eyes.</p><p>3 That blue dress the girl with the blonde hair.</p><p>4 I can lend you a pair of slippers if you like. I think these ones should .</p><p>27.6 Over to you</p><p>Describe in as much detail as you can how you are dressed. Use as many words as you can from this unit.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 61</p><p>Health and medicine28</p><p>A What are your symptoms?</p><p>rash bruise lump spots a black eye</p><p>All these noun phrases can be used with the verb have (got). I’ve got …</p><p>… a sore throat / a temperature [a higher temperature than normal] / high/low blood pressure / chest</p><p>pains / backache / earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my chest / a bruise on my leg (e.g. after</p><p>playing football) / a black eye (e.g. after being hit in the eye) / a lump on my arm / indigestion (after</p><p>eating too fast) / sickness and diarrhoea /daɪəˈrɪə/ [an upset stomach which makes you vomit and need to</p><p>go to the toilet frequently] / sunburn / a virus.</p><p>Verbs: My back is aching. I shouldn’t have lifted all those heavy boxes.</p><p>My leg is itching - I think I’ve been bitten by an insect. [you want to scratch it all the time]</p><p>My hands are trembling after the shock of falling down. [shaking slightly]</p><p>I had a headache and started shivering. I knew it was the flu. [shake because you are cold]</p><p>My foot hurts from where I knocked it against the table.</p><p>I had a cold and it took me two weeks to get over it. [to get better; more formal = to recover from it]</p><p>Adjectives: I feel sick / breathless / dizzy. [my head is spinning]</p><p>I am depressed / exhausted / stressed.</p><p>Other expressions: I’ve lost my appetite / voice.</p><p>I think I’ve picked up a bug somewhere. [infml = caught a virus or infection]</p><p>I’ve broken my wrist / sprained my ankle / dislocated my shoulder.</p><p>She died of a heart attack.</p><p>He contracted AIDS. [infml = ‘got’]</p><p>My uncle suffered a stroke. [sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss</p><p>of the ability to move particular parts of the body; infml = ‘had’]</p><p>B What does the doctor prescribe?</p><p>Take a teaspoonful of medicine last thing at night.</p><p>We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage on your wrist.</p><p>You’ll need to have some injections before you go to the Amazon.</p><p>I’m afraid you’re going to need an operation.</p><p>You’ll have to have your leg put in plaster until the break mends.</p><p>I’m going to give you some tablets - take one in the morning and one at night.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>A surgeon operates on a patient.</p><p>They decided to operate on her and remove the tumour. (NOT They decided to operate her.)</p><p>62 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>28.1 What problems from A opposite might result if someone …?</p><p>indigestion1 eats too fast</p><p>2 kicks someone’s leg while playing football</p><p>3 hits someone in the eye</p><p>4 eats bad, rotten food</p><p>5 lies too long in the hot sun</p><p>6 runs much too fast to catch a bus</p><p>28.2 Read the remarks and answer the questions.</p><p>Casper ‘I must have picked up a bug Seth ‘It’s an unpleasant pain. I</p><p>when I was travelling.’ hope I haven’t got an ear infection.’</p><p>Dalma ‘My hand is covered Zoe ‘The doctor said there’s a risk</p><p>in little red spots from where I I might suffer from heart disease if it</p><p>touched that strange plant.’ continues.’</p><p>Write the people’s names. Who has …?</p><p>1 a rash? Dalma 2 earache? 3 a virus? 4 high blood pressure?</p><p>28.3 Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right.</p><p>1 My shoulder is itching. d a I’ve been working too much.</p><p>2 My head hurts. b I feel so cold.</p><p>3 I’m shivering. c I think I need to see a psychiatrist.</p><p>4 I’m trembling. d I can’t stop scratching it.</p><p>5 I’m really stressed and exhausted. e I banged it as I walked through the low doorway.</p><p>6 I’m depressed. f I feel very nervous and scared.</p><p>28.4 Match the pictures with the sentences.</p><p>B CA</p><p>E FD</p><p>1 They put a bandage on my ankle. E</p><p>2 I had to have some injections.</p><p>3 My arm was in plaster for weeks.</p><p>4 I had to take two teaspoonfuls every night.</p><p>5 They operated me immediately.</p><p>6 I have to take two tablets every night at bedtime.</p><p>One of the sentences above contains a mistake. Correct it.</p><p>28.5 Answer the questions.</p><p>1 Which is correct? My aunt died (a) with (b) of a heart attack.</p><p>2 What is a more formal way of saying these? (a) He got AIDS in 2001. (b) She had a stroke.</p><p>3 What is an informal way of saying this? I had an infection but I recovered from it.</p><p>28.6 Over to you</p><p>Make a list</p><p>of any of the problems mentioned in this unit that you yourself have had. What were the</p><p>symptoms? What did you do to solve the problem(s)?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 63</p><p>29 Medicine and technology</p><p>A history of health technologyA</p><p>Ancient Egypt The earliest crutches were in use.</p><p>Spectacles1, probably invented by Arab scientists, were usedMiddle Ages</p><p>to correct vision2.</p><p>The first wheelchairs were developed.1500-1600</p><p>1804: the first general anaesthetic3 was used in an1800-1900</p><p>operation in Japan.</p><p>1896: X-rays4 were first used in medicine.</p><p>The first contact lenses5 were manufactured6.1960-1970</p><p>1 a more formal word for glasses 2 the ability to see 3 something used to make</p><p>you unconscious when you have an operation, so that you do not feel any pain</p><p>4 a type of radiation that makes possible photographs (also called ‘X-rays’) of hidden</p><p>5 a small piece of transparentobjects such as bones and organs in the body</p><p>6 made inplastic which is worn on the surface of your eye to improve your sight</p><p>large numbers, usually in a factory</p><p>The present dayB</p><p>Medical technology has made rapid1 advances2 in recent decades3.</p><p>Nowadays, a vast4 range of devices5 is available: people with hearing</p><p>difficulties wear sophisticated6 hearing aids7; people with heart problems</p><p>wear tiny pacemakers8. Artificial9 hips10 and knees are common, and are</p><p>highly11 efficient. People who have lost an arm or a leg can have a prosthetic12</p><p>leg or a modern robotic13 arm and hand, which they can use to pick things up</p><p>like a natural hand. Eyesight problems can be corrected by laser surgery14.</p><p>1 very fast 2 improvements or developments 3 a period of 10 years 4 very</p><p>5 object or machine made for a particular purpose 6 clever in a complicatedwide</p><p>7 a small device put inside someone’s ear toway and able to do complicated tasks</p><p>8 a small device put inside someone’s chest to help their hearthelp them hear better</p><p>9 not natural, a copy made by humans 10 the joint which connectsbeat correctly</p><p>11 very (more formal) 12 made to replace athe leg to the upper part of the body</p><p>13 able to be controlled and moved by the usermissing arm or leg</p><p>14 medical operations using powerful narrow beams of light</p><p>The futureC</p><p>A recent TV documentary predicted the following developments in medical technology.</p><p>• Scanners which can identify health problems at an early stage1 will become more and</p><p>more sophisticated.</p><p>• Diagnosing2 illnesses from a distance. Patients will sit at their home computers, describe</p><p>their symptoms and send information automatically to their doctor (for example,</p><p>their blood pressure3 or body temperature) using instruments such as thermometers</p><p>connected to their computer.</p><p>• Computers and huge databases will provide doctors with more and more information and</p><p>the tools4 to treat diseases.</p><p>• Keyhole surgery5 will become more common. It will not be necessary to cut open a</p><p>person’s body to operate on them.</p><p>1 during the first period of development 2 name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it</p><p>3 measure of the strength at which the blood flows through the body 4 something that helps you do something</p><p>5 medical operations in which a very small hole is made in a person’s body to reach the organ or tissue inside</p><p>64 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>29.1 Look at A opposite and answer the questions about medical technology.</p><p>glasses1 What did Arab scientists probably invent? (two answers, one more formal)</p><p>2 What began to be used in 1896 to enable doctors to take photographs of the inside of</p><p>people’s bodies?</p><p>3 How did the ancient Egyptians help disabled people to walk?</p><p>4 What alternative to glasses became popular in the 1960s and 1970s?</p><p>5 How could disabled people move around as early as 1500 to 1600?</p><p>29.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite.</p><p>manufactured1 Medical scanners are made at this factory.</p><p>2 Glasses were invented to correct problems with eyesight .</p><p>3 Technology for medicine has made very fast progress</p><p>in the last ten years .</p><p>4 There is now a large number of things that make</p><p>life better for people with medical problems.</p><p>5 Copies of natural hips are very efficient.</p><p>6 Some disabled athletes can run as fast as able-bodied ones using legs.</p><p>7 Scientists are working on arms that can be controlled directly by the person’s brain.</p><p>29.3 Using words from the opposite page, say what each object is for.</p><p>1 a device for people with 2 3</p><p>hearing difficulties</p><p>5 64</p><p>29.4 Complete the missing words. You are given the first letter(s). A preposition is missing in</p><p>sentence 3. Add it.</p><p>dentify1 Doctors will be able to i diseases at an early s in the future using</p><p>sophisticated sc .</p><p>2 Doctors will be able to d a patient’s illness from a distance. Patients will send</p><p>information a to their doctor.</p><p>3 K s means doctors no longer need to open a patient’s body when they</p><p>operate them.</p><p>4 Information on large computer d will help doctors t diseases and give</p><p>them new t to cure illnesses.</p><p>29.5 Over to you</p><p>Have you used or experienced any of the examples of medical technology mentioned in this unit?</p><p>How? When? Write true sentences.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 65</p><p>30 Health and lifestyle</p><p>DietA</p><p>Some types of food are considered to be good for our health. Others can cause long-term1 health</p><p>problems if they are consumed2 in large quantities. Here are some examples.</p><p>healthy ... not so healthy ...</p><p>sugary foods (e.g. fizzy3 drinks)oily fish (e.g. salmon)</p><p>fruit and nuts4 food with a high fat or high salt content5</p><p>wholemeal6 bread processed7 food</p><p>1 lasting a long time into the future 2 eaten (fml) 3 with a lot of bubbles 4 dry fruits of some trees with a</p><p>5 amount that is in the food 6 containing all the grain, with nothing taken out 7 treated withhard shell</p><p>chemicals to preserve the food or to add taste or colour</p><p>Some foods are considered to be superfoods - foods that may prevent diseases and improve</p><p>mental1 as well as physical2 health. Foods that are often listed as superfoods include:</p><p>• Blueberries: may improve short-term3 memory and slow4</p><p>the ageing process5.</p><p>• Apples: a good source6 of vitamin C; they can also lower7 cholesterol.</p><p>• Spinach: high in vitamin A; it can boost8 the immune system.</p><p>• Vegetable juice (especially tomato): can reduce the risk9 of heart disease.</p><p>1 of the mind 2 of the body 3 lasting a short time 4 make it happen more slowly</p><p>5 the changes to our body and mind by which we grow old 6 the place it comes from</p><p>7 reduce/take the level down 8 improve or increase 9 make less likely that it will happen</p><p>LifestyleB</p><p>Read the magazine extracts about lifestyle issues. Note the use of the adjective and noun forms of</p><p>the same word.</p><p>There has been a sharp rise1 in the number Keeping fit need not be difficult. You can</p><p>of children who are obese2. Childhood maintain5 a good level of fitness with</p><p>obesity is now a major3 problem. Children a simple routine of daily exercise. Start</p><p>often take too little exercise. exercising now!</p><p>People often do not realise how stressful Bad habits can cause serious harm6</p><p>their jobs are. Stress can cause high blood to the body. Alcohol and tobacco are</p><p>pressure, increased risk of heart attacks and particularly harmful if consumed in large</p><p>depression4. quantities over a long period.</p><p>1 an increase that is sudden and quick 2 extremely fat 3 very big and serious 4 a mental illness when</p><p>5 keep (fml) 6 injury or damagesomeone is extremely unhappy and anxious for a long period</p><p>Language help</p><p>The nouns food and fruit can be both uncountable and countable. When we refer to food and fruit</p><p>in general we use the uncountable form (e.g. That restaurant serves good food / I love fruit). The</p><p>plural forms, foods/fruits, are used to refer to individual types or examples of food (e.g. fatty foods,</p><p>citrus fruits). We always use fish in the singular.</p><p>66 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>30.1 Rewrite the words in bold using words from A opposite.</p><p>1 If people eat these foods in big amounts large quantities , it may be</p><p>every time you see or hear an interesting phrase, write it in a notebook, and</p><p>write who said it or wrote it, and in what situation, as well as what it means. Making notes of</p><p>the situations words are used in will help you to remember them and to use them at the right</p><p>moment.</p><p>We hope you like this book. When you have finished it, you can go to the next book in the series,</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Advanced. Along with this book, you can also use the more specialised</p><p>titles: English Idioms in Use, English Phrasal Verbs in Use and English Collocations in Use, all of</p><p>which are available at intermediate and advanced levels.</p><p>Find out more at http://www.cambridge.org/elt</p><p>6 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>http://www.cambridge.org/elt</p><p>http://dictionary.cambridge.org/</p><p>To the teacher</p><p>This book can be used in class or as a self-study book. It is intended to take learners from a</p><p>lower-intermediate level of vocabulary to an upper-intermediate level. The vocabulary has been</p><p>chosen for its usefulness in everyday situations, and we consulted the Cambridge International</p><p>Corpus (now known as the Cambridge English Corpus), a written and spoken corpus of present-</p><p>day English, including a huge learner corpus, to help us decide on the words and phrases to be</p><p>included for students at B2 (CEFR) level. The new vocabulary (on average 25–30 items per unit) is</p><p>presented with illustrations and explanations on the left-hand page, and there are exercises and</p><p>activities on the right-hand page. There is an Answer key and an Index with pronunciation for the</p><p>target vocabulary. The Answer key at the end of the book is for students to check their answers to</p><p>the exercises after they do them.</p><p>The book focuses not just on single words, but on useful phrases and collocations, and the</p><p>vocabulary is illustrated in natural contexts. The book is organised around everyday topics, but</p><p>also has units devoted to basic concepts such as time, number and movement, linking words,</p><p>word formation, multi-word expressions, pronunciation and varieties and style, as well as a set</p><p>of initial units concerned with ways of learning vocabulary. Typical errors are indicated where</p><p>appropriate, based on information from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, and the most typical</p><p>meanings and uses are focused on for each item. The units in the book can be used in any</p><p>order you like, but we would advise doing the initial units (Units 1 to 4) first, as these lay the</p><p>foundations for the rest of the book.</p><p>The right-hand pages offer a variety of different types of activities, with some traditional ones</p><p>such as gap-filling, but also more open-ended ones and personalised activities which enable</p><p>learners to talk about their own lives. Although the activities and exercises are designed for self-</p><p>study, they can easily be adapted for pairwork, groupwork or whole-class activities in the usual</p><p>way. The Answer key sometimes gives alternative answers to the exercises. This is because often</p><p>there is not just one correct way of saying something. Where students are asked to talk about</p><p>themselves, in the Over to you exercises, we do not generally provide answers, since these</p><p>exercises give learners the opportunity to work completely independently and in a very personal</p><p>way, so everyone’s answers will be very different.</p><p>When the learners have worked through a group of units, it is a good idea to repeat some of</p><p>the work (for example, the exercises) and to expand on the meaning and use of key words and</p><p>phrases by extra discussion in class, and find other examples of the key items in other texts and</p><p>situations. This can be done at intervals of one to three months after first working on a unit. This</p><p>is important, since it is usually the case that learners need five to seven exposures to a word or</p><p>phrase before they can really begin to know it, and no single book can do enough to ensure that</p><p>words are always learnt first time.</p><p>When your students have finished all the units in this book, they will be ready to move on to the</p><p>higher-level books in this series: English Vocabulary in Use Advanced, and the advanced levels of</p><p>English Idioms in Use, English Phrasal Verbs in Use and English Collocations in Use, by the same</p><p>authors as this book.</p><p>Find more resources for teachers at http://www.cambridge.org/elt</p><p>We hope you enjoy using the book.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 7</p><p>http://www.cambridge.org/elt</p><p>Study</p><p>unit 1 Learning vocabulary</p><p>A What do you need to learn?</p><p>Did you know that there are over half a million words in English but that the average native speaker</p><p>only uses about 5,000 in everyday speech? You already know many of those 5,000 words. This book</p><p>will help you to learn many of those that you do not yet know and it will help you to use them</p><p>appropriately and accurately.</p><p>B What does knowing a new word mean?</p><p>It is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know:</p><p>– which words it is usually used with;</p><p>– its grammatical characteristics;</p><p>– how it is pronounced;</p><p>– whether it is formal, informal or neutral.</p><p>So when you learn a word you should make sure that you:</p><p>• Learn new words in phrases not in isolation.</p><p>• Notice how words commonly go together. These are called collocations and include:</p><p>adjectives + nouns, e.g. rich vocabulary, classical music, common sense;</p><p>verbs + nouns, e.g. to express an opinion, to take sides;</p><p>nouns in phrases, e.g. in touch with, a train set, a sense of humour;</p><p>words + prepositions, e.g. at a loss for words, in particular.</p><p>• Notice special grammatical characteristics of new words. For example, note irregular verbs,</p><p>e.g. undertake, undertook, undertaken; uncountable nouns,</p><p>e.g. luggage; or nouns that are only used in the plural, e.g. scissors.</p><p>• Notice any special pronunciation problems with new words.</p><p>• Check if the word is particularly formal or informal in character, in other words if it has a</p><p>particular register.</p><p>C How can you help yourself to memorise words?</p><p>Research suggests that some students</p><p>find it easier to learn words if they</p><p>(a) learn them in groups and (b) make use</p><p>of pictures, as shown here.</p><p>You can group words in any way you like –</p><p>topic, grammatical feature, word root, and</p><p>so on. The unit titles in this book might give</p><p>you some ideas.</p><p>D How can you help yourself learn more words?</p><p>This book will help you to learn vocabulary in a systematic way. However, you can also help yourself</p><p>to learn more words and expressions by reading and listening to as much English as possible. Here</p><p>are some ideas about things you can read or listen to:</p><p>websites</p><p>recipes</p><p>TV</p><p>newspapers</p><p>magazines</p><p>fiction songs</p><p>films podcasts</p><p>academic or</p><p>professional</p><p>literature</p><p>YouTube</p><p>tweets sports reports</p><p>audio books</p><p>poetry</p><p>blogs</p><p>reference material</p><p>(dictionaries,</p><p>encyclopedias)</p><p>conversations</p><p>with native</p><p>speakers</p><p>radio, e.g.</p><p>BBC World</p><p>Service</p><p>8 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises 1 Study</p><p>unit</p><p>1.1 Here are some aspects of grammar to be aware of when learning new vocabulary.</p><p>Give two examples of words that reflect this aspect of grammar.</p><p>1 a noun only used in the plural scissors</p><p>2 an uncountable noun</p><p>3 an irregular verb</p><p>4 a noun with an irregular plural</p><p>1.2 What aspect of pronunciation should you notice about the following words?</p><p>1 subtle the b is silent</p><p>(not pronounced)</p><p>2 catastrophe</p><p>3 chemistry</p><p>4 answer</p><p>5 a record / to record</p><p>6 photograph / photographer /</p><p>photographic</p><p>1.3 Read the text. Use words from the box to complete each ‘collocations fork’.</p><p>English has a remarkable range of words. Thanks to periods of contact with foreign languages and</p><p>its readiness to coin new words out of old elements, English has a particularly large vocabulary.</p><p>For example, as well as kingly (from Anglo- Saxon) we find royal (from French) and regal (from Latin).</p><p>There are many such sets of words, which make it possible to express subtle shades of meaning.</p><p>coincidence difference family likeness palace a phrase</p><p>range shade suggestion a term welcome new words</p><p>1 a remarkable</p><p>range</p><p>likeness</p><p>coincidence</p><p>2</p><p>dangerous.</p><p>2 Certain foods are thought by scientists to have a positive effect on</p><p>our bodies.</p><p>3 Foods with a lot of fat in them may cause health problems.</p><p>4 Some foods may cause health problems that last long into the future.</p><p>30.2 Match the adjectives and nouns to make five collocations to fill the gaps in the sentences</p><p>below.</p><p>adjectives nouns</p><p>oily processed wholemeal mental fizzy drinks bread fish health foods</p><p>1 Wholemeal bread is usually considered to be healthy because it contains the complete grain, with</p><p>nothing taken out.</p><p>2 may taste good when you’re very thirsty, but they often have a high</p><p>sugar content.</p><p>3 Types of include salmon.</p><p>4 often contain artificial colours to make them look more attractive.</p><p>5 Some foods can be good for our as well as our bodies.</p><p>30.3 Verb-noun collocations. Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on</p><p>the right.</p><p>1 Certain foods can slow a cholesterol.d</p><p>2 Some foods can boost b the risk of heart disease.</p><p>3 Some foods can lower c the immune system.</p><p>4 Other foods can reduce d the ageing process.</p><p>30.4 Can you remember which positive effect each of these foods may have? Choose your</p><p>answers from 30.3 (a-d).</p><p>1 spinach c 2 vegetable juice 3 apples 4 blueberries</p><p>30.5 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one.</p><p>1 Blueberries can improve short-time memory. term</p><p>2 Many fruits are a good sauce of vitamin C and provide mayor health benefits.</p><p>3 Oily fishes should form part of a healthy diet.</p><p>4 Which do you prefer to eat as a snack if you’re hungry, fruits or nuts?</p><p>5 A: There’s a new Chinese restaurant in town. B: Good! I love Chinese foods.</p><p>6 There has been a sharp raise in the number of people suffering from depresion.</p><p>30.6 Complete the two versions of each sentence. Use related word forms, as in the example.</p><p>harm harmful1 Tobacco and alcohol can cause a lot of / can be to our health.</p><p>2 Children who are / who suffer from need to exercise more.</p><p>3 Her job is very / causes her a lot of and is very tiring.</p><p>4 How can we keep / maintain a good level of ? The answer is to</p><p>get regular / to regularly.</p><p>30.7 Over to you</p><p>List the foods that you eat most regularly. How many are (a) healthy (b) not so healthy? Do you</p><p>consume any superfoods? Why? Why not?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 67</p><p>31 Travel</p><p>Here is some basic vocabulary for different kinds of travelA</p><p>transport kinds of vehicle parts of vehicle people working associated words</p><p>with it</p><p>road car, bus, coach, boot, steering driver, motorist, petrol station, break</p><p>tram, van, lorry wheel mechanic, chauffeur down, breakdown</p><p>service</p><p>rail high-speed train, sleeping car, ticket collector, platform, seat</p><p>express buffet, coach conductor reservation</p><p>sea liner, ferry, yacht deck, bridge, captain, steward(ess) port, cabin, cruise</p><p>gangway</p><p>air aircraft, jumbo jet, cockpit, wings, ground staff, cabin duty-free shop,</p><p>helicopter aisle /aɪjəl/ crew, air traffic terminal, runway,</p><p>controller security</p><p>Journey, trip, travel, voyageB</p><p>A trip is usually shorter than a journey. We had a long journey by coach from the north to the south</p><p>of the country. We usually say business trip (NOT business journey). We took a trip / went on a trip</p><p>to the beach last weekend. (Go on a trip suggests an organised short excursion, whereas take a trip</p><p>or have a trip could be something you do yourselves in your own car.)</p><p>Travel is a general word. It is an uncountable noun and a verb. Travel broadens the mind. How did</p><p>you travel round Australia? We hitch-hiked.</p><p>Voyage means a long journey usually by sea, though this use is quite formal. It is often used in other</p><p>contexts with ‘discovery’. Learning English is a voyage of discovery!</p><p>Collocations and expressions connected with travelC</p><p>ELENA: ‘My flight from New York to Tokyo was severely delayed1 because of bad weather, then later it</p><p>was cancelled and I was stuck at2 the airport. The airline put me up3 in a hotel overnight, and they</p><p>put me on standby4 for the early morning flight the next day. Luckily, I managed to get a seat and</p><p>the flight left on time5 at 7.00 am. There was quite a lot of turbulence6 during the flight, which was</p><p>scary at times. When we finally got to Tokyo, the weather was bad and we had a bumpy landing7.</p><p>Luckily, I don’t get airsick8 but I had terrible jetlag9 for days afterwards.’</p><p>1 delayed for a very long time 2 unable to move from 3 paid for me to stay 4 promised me a seat if one</p><p>5 punctually 6 strong, sudden movements while the plane was in the air 7 we landedbecame available</p><p>8 feel sick because of the movement of the plane; more formal = suffer fromin a way that was not smooth</p><p>9 had a feeling of tiredness caused by moving quickly from one time zone to anotherairsickness</p><p>Pieter: ‘I’d always wanted to sail across the Mediterranean, though I was worried I might get</p><p>seasick. Anyway, I volunteered to work as a crew member on board a yacht and it was an amazing</p><p>experience. Everything ran very smoothly, even when the sea was rough1, and I never suffered from</p><p>seasickness2.’</p><p>1 opp = a calm sea 2 less formal = I never got seasick</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>We don’t say ‘a travel’. Travel is an uncountable noun.</p><p>After we left the airport, we had a long journey by car. (NOT we had a long travel)</p><p>Remember, we say on time, not in time when we mean ‘punctually’.</p><p>The train arrived on time and I picked her up at the station. (NOT The train arrived in time)</p><p>68 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>31.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>d1 The customs officer stopped the car a and they couldn’t get a cabin.</p><p>2 The car broke down b and they had nothing to eat.</p><p>3 The air traffic controllers went on strike c and they had a wonderful cruise.</p><p>4 The buffet was closed d and the driver had to open the boot.</p><p>5 The ferry was full e and a mechanic came to help them.</p><p>f and their flight was cancelled.6 The liner was very modern</p><p>31.2 Sort the words according to the type of transport. One of the words fits in two places.</p><p>Which is it?</p><p>jumbo jet port express steering wheel coach helicopter gangway runway</p><p>tram wing chauffeur platform ground staff van cockpit lorry liner deck</p><p>road rail air sea</p><p>steering wheel</p><p>31.3 Choose the best word flight, journey, trip, travel or voyage to fit these gaps.</p><p>travel1 I would love to round the world in a balloon.</p><p>2 The liner Titanic sank on its very first .</p><p>3 How long does the from New York to Rio take?</p><p>4 She says her hobbies are reading, golf and .</p><p>5 When they were in Cairo they took a to see the Pyramids.</p><p>6 Getting from London to the north of Scotland involves a long overnight train .</p><p>31.4 Read these travel blogs and fill the gaps with words from the opposite page.</p><p>Erik's Blog (24 June) Mona's Blog (5 July)</p><p>The flight from Huascal to Puerto Amlugo was I didn’t have a reservation for the Eurostar</p><p>s delayed (six hours!). I was worried train from Paris to London, but they put me on</p><p>I’d get s at the airport (and hoped s and I got a s on</p><p>that the airline would p me a later train. It was a good journey, everything</p><p>u in a nice hotel ) but anyway the</p><p>ran s and it arrived</p><p>flight wasn’t c and we finally took</p><p>time. In London, I enquired if there was aoff. The weather was awful, and we experienced</p><p>s c on the traina lot of t . In fact, the flight was.</p><p>to Scotland so I could travel overnight. Theso b that I got a</p><p>alternative was a hotel and the e______________(very unpleasant!). But the c</p><p>m train at 6.30 am (too early forc were very friendly and helpful,</p><p>which made me feel better. The l me!). When I get to Scotland I want to go to</p><p>was not so bad and soon we were at the some of the islands. I hope the sea is</p><p>t collecting our baggage. I slept well c______________. I hate r______________ seas -</p><p>last night - I think I’ve got over the j I always get s______________!</p><p>I had after my 12-hour flight from Europe.</p><p>31.5 Over to you</p><p>Give answers that are true for you, and reasons.</p><p>1 How often do you travel by train? Have you ever been on a high-speed train?</p><p>2 Which do you prefer on a plane,</p><p>a window or an aisle seat? Why? Do you usually visit the duty-free</p><p>shop? What do you look for? What do you do before going through security?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 69</p><p>32 Holidays</p><p>Places to stay and types of holidayA</p><p>campsite: a place where you can pitch a tent or park a caravan</p><p>self-catering flat/apartment: a flat which you rent; you cook for yourself</p><p>guesthouse: accommodation like a hotel but cheaper and with fewer services</p><p>youth hostel: cheap accommodation, mainly for young people, with, perhaps, ten or more people</p><p>sleeping in bunk beds in one room</p><p>package holiday: a holiday in which you pay for travel, accommodation and food (even occasionally</p><p>excursions) in advance</p><p>cruise: a holiday spent touring (or cruising) on a boat, stopping off to go sightseeing at different ports</p><p>an adventure holiday: a holiday involving unusual, exciting and possibly dangerous activities -</p><p>suitable for adventurous people</p><p>Holiday messagesB</p><p>Reply Forward</p><p>Dear Zara</p><p>Having a wonderful holiday. It’s so nice to get</p><p>away1. We’re staying at an amazing campsite 1 go somewhere different</p><p>up in the mountains. It’s very remote2 and we 2 far from other places</p><p>had to drive up an unbelievably winding3 road 3 with lots of bends, not at</p><p>to get here. But once we made it, the views 4 all aroundall straight</p><p>over the surrounding4 countryside made the 5 very frighteningterrifying5 drive worthwhile. I'm sending a</p><p>photo of our camping spot.</p><p>Love, Sami</p><p>Reply Forward</p><p>Dear Nico</p><p>This is turning out to be probably the most 1 one that will always be</p><p>memorable1 holiday I’ve ever had. The remembered (a memorable</p><p>town is absolutely fascinating2 with lots holiday is a strong</p><p>of very impressive3 buildings. Our hotel is 2 extremelycollocation)</p><p>delightful4 - if a little inconvenient5 from 3 grand,interesting</p><p>the transport point of view - and the food making an impact</p><p>in this area is exceptional6. These are 4 charming 5 hard to get</p><p>some of the old buildings in the town. 6 unusually goodto</p><p>Wish you were here too!</p><p>Francesca</p><p>Holiday brochuresC</p><p>These are often written in quite exaggerated language. Here are some typical adjectives with nouns</p><p>that they collocate with.</p><p>breathtaking views / scenery / pistes (ski slopes) [breathtaking (like stunning) suggests that something is</p><p>so magnificent that it takes your breath away]</p><p>exclusive access / club / shops [only the most special people can use the facilities]</p><p>exhilarating feeling / ride / walk [makes you feel excited and full of energy]</p><p>exotic beauty / charm / location [unusual and more exciting than your everyday reality]</p><p>glamorous surroundings / film star / hotel [especially exciting and attractive]</p><p>luxurious cruise ship / accommodation / lifestyle [provides great comfort]</p><p>picturesque streets / villages / cottage [very pretty; attractive to look at - as pretty as a picture]</p><p>unspoilt charm / village / woodland [still in a beautiful and natural state]</p><p>unique opportunity / charm / facilities [so special it does not exist anywhere else]</p><p>70 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>32.1 Complete this table. Use a dictionary to help you, if necessary.</p><p>adjective noun verb</p><p>fascinationfascinating</p><p>delightful</p><p>exhilarating</p><p>glamorous</p><p>luxurious</p><p>32.2 Fill in the gaps in this holiday message with appropriate adjectives from the opposite page.</p><p>Reply Forward</p><p>Hi,</p><p>fascinatingAm having a wonderful holiday here. The town here is very old and quite 1 . The</p><p>guidebook says it is remarkable for its 2 charm and it is right! It is surrounded by</p><p>magnificent mountains and yesterday I went for an 3 climb. Even though it isn’t too</p><p>expensive, the hotel is quite 4 and the view from my balcony is 5 .</p><p>Wish you were here!</p><p>Love, P</p><p>32.3 Complete these sentences with a word from the opposite page.</p><p>bunk1 At the youth hostel Anya insisted on sleeping in the top .</p><p>2 As soon as we got to the campsite we our tent.</p><p>3 Visitors to our hotel have access to our own private beach.</p><p>4 It’s often cheaper to go on a holiday, where everything is paid for in advance.</p><p>5 I’d love to hire a boat and spend a month round the Mediterranean, wouldn’t you?</p><p>6 I wouldn’t recommend that hotel. It’s extremely ; it’s seven miles to the nearest beach</p><p>and ten miles to the town.</p><p>7 Our trip to South Africa was undoubtedly the most holiday I’ve ever had.</p><p>8 A narrow road led up the mountain to the cottage we’d rented.</p><p>32.4 Which of the adjectives from C could describe each of these?</p><p>an exclusive club1 a club which only a select group of members can go to</p><p>2 a hotel with very expensive facilities and very attentive staff</p><p>3 a village with very pretty buildings and lots of flowers</p><p>4 a view from the top of a mountain over a magnificent landscape</p><p>5 the opportunity to go on a once-in-a-lifetime holiday</p><p>6 a walk along a windswept beach</p><p>32.5 Over to you</p><p>Answer these questions. Write sentences.</p><p>1 Which of the holiday places and types of holiday in A have you or your friends experienced?</p><p>2 Which would you prefer and why - a holiday in the centre of a historic city or one in a remote</p><p>village with spectacular surrounding countryside?</p><p>3 What’s the most memorable holiday you’ve ever had?</p><p>4 Which would you say is the most impressive city you’ve visited?</p><p>5 What would you say is the most fascinating place you’ve been to?</p><p>6 Have you ever had a holiday experience you’d describe as terrifying?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 71</p><p>33 Science and technology</p><p>New sciencesA</p><p>You are probably familiar with the traditional branches of science, e.g. chemistry, physics, botany</p><p>and zoology. But what about these more recently established fields?</p><p>field definition / applications</p><p>Works with genetic material (DNA) of living things to alter1 features2. GMgenetic engineering</p><p>foods (genetically modified foods) are grown in some parts of the world.</p><p>Studies the design of physical working spaces and how people interact3 withergonomics</p><p>them.</p><p>The study of the structure4 and function5 of the molecules6 associated7 withmolecular biology</p><p>living things.</p><p>Technology which enables8 machines to interpret9 speech, e.g. voice-to-textvoice technology</p><p>software.</p><p>The study of the use of human cells10 to treat diseases and injury and tostem cell research</p><p>repair the body.</p><p>The creation11 of exact copies of plants or animals with the same genes ascloning</p><p>the original plants or animals.</p><p>The science of growing plants without using soil12.hydroponics</p><p>1 change, usually slightly 2 typical qualities or important parts 3 communicate with or react to</p><p>4 the way that parts of a system are organised 5 purpose 6 the basic chemical units / groups of atoms</p><p>7 connected in our mind 8 makes possible 9 decide the intended meaning of 10 smallest basic part</p><p>11 making something new that did not exist before 12 the top layer of the earth’sof a plant or animal</p><p>surface, in which plants grow</p><p>Everyday technologyB</p><p>3D TVsmartphone tablet satnav/GPS [satellite digital photohigh-definition</p><p>framenavigation / Global(HD) camcorder</p><p>Positioning System]</p><p>Verbs used in science and technologyC</p><p>Note the collocations in bold.</p><p>He experimented with different materials before utilising1 the most suitable one.</p><p>The technician pressed a button and lights started flashing.</p><p>When she pulled the large lever2, the wheel began to rotate3. .</p><p>The zoologist dissected4 the animal and extracted5 its organs.</p><p>When they were combined, the two chemicals reacted violently with each other.</p><p>After analysing the problem, she concluded that there was a flaw6 in the theory.</p><p>Insert7 the disk into the DVD drive to install8 the software or visit the website to download it.</p><p>1 use (fml technical/scientific) 2 bar or handle that moves in order to control something (e.g. a machine)</p><p>3 turn (fml technical/scientific) 4 cut open (usually a dead body or plant) to study its parts 5 took out (fml</p><p>6 fault, mistake or weakness 7 put in (fml technical/scientific) 8 make it ready to usetechnical/scientific)</p><p>72 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>33.1 Fill the gaps with words from A. Then say what branch of science</p><p>each person is probably</p><p>talking about.</p><p>hydroponicsoil1 We grow the plants in liquids, without using s . Science:</p><p>2 The software i your speech and e you to turn it into text.</p><p>Science:</p><p>3 We’re interested in workplaces and how people i with their working environment.</p><p>Science:</p><p>4 People are often worried. They feel that the c of an exact copy of an animal is not</p><p>morally right. Science:</p><p>5 We study how human c can be used to rebuild our bodies and to repair them when they</p><p>are injured. Science:</p><p>6 My work is concerned with the s and f of the organic molecules</p><p>a with living organisms. Science:</p><p>7 Many people refuse to eat g m foods. They consider GM foods to be</p><p>unnatural. Science:</p><p>8 By manipulating DNA, we can a hereditary f . Science:</p><p>33.2 What item do you think each person needs from B?</p><p>3 ‘I’d love to be able1 2 ‘My phone is so old I can’t‘I keep losing my way and to look at my photos</p><p>I’m not good at reading take any videos with it.’ any time I want to.’</p><p>maps.’ a satnav</p><p>4 6‘My old camcorder ‘I want something like5doesn’t produce ‘It was a fantastic film. I didn’t a laptop with a touch</p><p>really sharp movies.’ mind wearing the special screen that I can watch</p><p>glasses. It was so realistic. I’d love films on or read ebooks.’</p><p>to be able to do that at home.’</p><p>33.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>c1 These chemicals a that button, it turns the printer on.</p><p>2 If you pull b to flash after a few seconds.</p><p>3 The zoologist extracted c react with each other.</p><p>4 When you press d in the theory.</p><p>5 They experimented e that lever, it starts the machine.</p><p>6 I believe there is a flaw f the animal to see why it died.</p><p>7 They had to dissect g the organs from the animal.</p><p>8 A red light started h with different liquids.</p><p>33.4 Use technical/scientific words from C instead of the words in bold.</p><p>rotate1 The wheel began to turn very quickly.</p><p>2 Put in the disk to get the software ready to work .</p><p>3 We can put these chemicals together .</p><p>4 You should use the strongest material.</p><p>5 We looked into the problem and decided that it was a computer virus.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 73</p><p>34 Computers</p><p>Hardware [computer equipment or machinery]</p><p>personal computer / PC / desktop computer: a computer that fits on a desk, used by individuals at</p><p>work or at home</p><p>laptop (computer): a lightweight portable computer that usually fits in a briefcase</p><p>tablet: a portable personal computer operated by a touch screen</p><p>hard disk: a device [piece of equipment] inside a computer that stores large amounts of information</p><p>disk drive: a device that allows information to be read from a disk</p><p>scanner: device for transferring pictures and texts into a computer</p><p>memory stick: a small device that lets you carry computer data anywhere conveniently; you can</p><p>then plug the stick into any machine</p><p>RAM (random access memory / memory): the memory available on a computer to store and use</p><p>information temporarily; can be measured in gigabytes</p><p>(micro) chip: a very small piece of semiconductor, especially in a computer, that contains extremely</p><p>small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations</p><p>network: when a number of computers, for example in one office, are connected together</p><p>(or networked) so that they can share information</p><p>Software [computer programs that you install]</p><p>An application is a piece of software designed for a specific purpose. This is often shortened to app.</p><p>You can get mobile phone apps for all sorts of things these days.</p><p>word-processing: writing and storing printed text on a computer</p><p>spreadsheet (program): a program, or the grid you create with it, to perform mathematical</p><p>operations</p><p>database: a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it can be</p><p>easily looked at or changed</p><p>(computer) graphics: pictures, images and symbols that you can form on a computer</p><p>virus: hidden instructions in a program designed to destroy information</p><p>display: what you see on the screen of an electronic device</p><p>A computer shows a range of icons on its display. You put the cursor on the one you want to use and</p><p>click on it to open it.</p><p>Some computing verbs</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>You probably store a lot of important information on</p><p>your computer. So, it’s sensible to back up all your</p><p>files on a regular basis. Then it’ll be less of a problem</p><p>if you delete something accidentally or if your</p><p>computer crashes.</p><p>A particularly useful feature of most applications is</p><p>the one that allows you to undo what you have just</p><p>done – just click on Undo and it’s quick and easy to</p><p>correct anything that you have keyed in by mistake.</p><p>After a few years you may want to upgrade your</p><p>computer as they are always developing machines</p><p>which are faster and more powerful. If you don’t</p><p>do this you may not be able to run all the software</p><p>you need. You can usually just download upgrades</p><p>to your computer’s operating system or to your</p><p>applications from company websites.</p><p>74 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>34.1 Match the words in the box to the pictures below.</p><p>laptop desktop computer tablet icon scanner memory stick microchip</p><p>cursor spreadsheet</p><p>1 scanner 2 3 4 5</p><p>6 7 8 9</p><p>34.2 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the opposite page.</p><p>scanner1 It’s so easy to use a when you want to send a handwritten document to someone</p><p>by email. It’s just like using a photocopier.</p><p>2 I’ve lost a lot of data. I wonder if my computer has a .</p><p>3 A lot of people carry their on aeroplanes and work on them during the flight.</p><p>4 I’ve got such a lot of photos, music and videos stored on my computer that my</p><p>is almost full.</p><p>5 That computer game you gave me has got amazing - the people just look</p><p>so realistic!</p><p>6 One of my most important tasks at work is to keep the up to date so that</p><p>customers’ contact details are always accurate.</p><p>7 If you put the in the middle of a paragraph of text and double click, you</p><p>select the whole paragraph.</p><p>8 I downloaded a fantastic the other day - it tells me where the nearest</p><p>cash machine is to wherever I am in the world.</p><p>9 programs make it very easy to write text and to format it.</p><p>10 It’s miraculous how much data can be stored on that tiny little computer</p><p>inside your mobile phone.</p><p>34.3 Answer the questions using a verb from C opposite.</p><p>1 What do you do when you want to add new information to, for example, a database? You key it in.</p><p>2 If you don’t want to lose computer data, what must you do?</p><p>3 If you notice you’ve repeated a paragraph in an essay, what can you do?</p><p>4 You want to open your spreadsheet program, so what should you do?</p><p>5 If your computer is old and working very slowly, what might you consider doing?</p><p>6 If you accidentally delete some text you’ve just been working on, what can you do?</p><p>7 What can you do to immediately get hold of music or a film from an internet store?</p><p>8 If you buy new software when you have an old operating system, what may you find?</p><p>34.4 Over to you</p><p>Answer these questions.</p><p>1 Do you use a desktop, a laptop or a tablet? 4 How often do you back up your data?</p><p>2 How much RAM do you have? 5 Has your computer ever crashed?</p><p>3 Which apps do you use most frequently? 6 Have you ever accidentally deleted anything?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 75</p><p>35 Communications and the Internet</p><p>The InternetA</p><p>The Internet / the net is a network connecting millions</p><p>of computer users worldwide. The World Wide Web / the</p><p>Web is a huge portion of the Internet containing linked</p><p>documents, called pages.</p><p>If you have a broadband connection then your access to</p><p>the Internet should be fast. Many cafés and other public</p><p>places now offer people a wi-fi /waɪfaɪ/ connection to</p><p>the Internet - this means that you can access the Internet</p><p>through a wireless network, i.e. without needing a cable</p><p>of any kind.</p><p>When you browse, you look for information on the Internet. The software that helps you do this can</p><p>be called a browser (e.g. Internet Explorer® or Firefox®). You use a search engine to help you locate</p><p>what you want. Google® is one of the best known search engines and people now talk</p><p>about googling</p><p>someone or something. You can easily spend a lot of time surfing the net / the Web. [navigating</p><p>around the Internet, sometimes aimlessly]</p><p>A website is a document on the Web giving information about a particular subject, person or</p><p>institution. The introductory page is called the home page. From this there are links to other pages.</p><p>Good websites are easy to navigate or find your way around. One option on many websites is an FAQ</p><p>page. This stands for ‘frequently asked questions’, a list of common questions and helpful answers.</p><p>You can bookmark websites that you log on1 to frequently.</p><p>If a website gets a lot of hits, that means that it has been visited by a lot of people.</p><p>Sometimes you need to subscribe to a site, which means you become a member of it.</p><p>This may involve having a special username and choosing a password. You will only</p><p>be able to log in2 to the site if you enter this information correctly.</p><p>You can store your data on your computer or phone, or you can store it in the cloud3. .</p><p>1 opp = log off 2 opp = log out 3 a network of servers on the Internet where data can be stored and viewed</p><p>from any device</p><p>Online communicationB</p><p>You can communicate with others by email. With an email you can include an</p><p>attachment. You can attach a photo, for example. You can also send someone</p><p>an e-card. A server is a powerful central computer from which other computers</p><p>get information. If your (ISP) internet service provider’s server is down [not</p><p>functioning], you may not be able to send emails.</p><p>You can use your computer to Skype friends and family - the software allows</p><p>you to make phone calls using your computer and the Internet, and you can see</p><p>which people on your contact list are online at the same time. If you each have</p><p>a webcam, you can see each other as you talk.</p><p>Many modern online programs can be called interactive, i.e. they allow users</p><p>to become involved in the exchange of information. For example, social</p><p>networking sites like Facebook are a popular way for people to keep in touch</p><p>with their friends.</p><p>A wiki is a website which allows users to add, delete and edit its contents.</p><p>Wikipedia is perhaps the world’s largest wiki. Blogs are also interactive as they</p><p>are a kind of online diary that readers can add comments to. Many people are</p><p>involved in online gaming, playing with people who they have never met. Often</p><p>these games make use of virtual reality. [a set of images and sounds produced by a</p><p>computer, which represent a place or a situation that the gamer can take part in]</p><p>76 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>35.1 Which word from the box matches each definition?</p><p>attachment bookmark browser contact list navigate internet service provider</p><p>password search engine server cloud</p><p>contact list1 email addresses, phone numbers, etc. for the people you know</p><p>2 something that you send with an email</p><p>3 an individual combination of letters and digits that you use to log in to a</p><p>website</p><p>4 a way of accessing a favourite website quickly</p><p>5 software that allows you to surf the web</p><p>6 a company that enables you to use the web</p><p>7 software that helps you to locate the websites that you need</p><p>8 a large computer that holds information that can be accessed by smaller</p><p>computers</p><p>9 to find your way around a website or between websites</p><p>10 a network of servers where you can store your data on the Internet</p><p>35.2 Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence.</p><p>Web1 WWW stands for World Wide .</p><p>2 I read that journalist’s every day - he’s always got something interesting to</p><p>say and often readers add some very interesting comments.</p><p>3 I couldn’t the Internet last night. The server must have been .</p><p>4 It’s wonderful being able to my cousins who live in Australia - I love seeing them</p><p>as well as talking to them.</p><p>5 I’ve decided to to my favourite newspaper’s website. It doesn’t cost much and it</p><p>has lots of interesting stuff there.</p><p>6 I like this website because it has lots of very useful to all sorts of other sites</p><p>that interest me.</p><p>7 My brother loves online gaming, particularly reality games.</p><p>8 An website is one which allows users to add comments to it or edit its</p><p>content in some way.</p><p>35.3 Are these statements true or false? If they are not true, correct them.</p><p>False - Google is the name of a search engine.1 Google® is the name of a browser.</p><p>2 FAQ stands for Fast Answers to Questions.</p><p>3 If a café says that it has wi-fi access, you can get online with your laptop there.</p><p>4 A wiki is a kind of computer device.</p><p>5 When you want to use some websites you may be asked to enter a password.</p><p>6 If you send someone an e-card they will receive it in the post.</p><p>7 When you want to stop using the net, you log on.</p><p>8 A website’s home page is the one where you will find key information about the site</p><p>and links to its other pages.</p><p>35.4 Over to you</p><p>Answer these questions about yourself.</p><p>1 What do you mainly use the Internet for? 4 How often do you use social networking sites?</p><p>2 What is your search engine of choice? 5 Do you write a blog or read anyone else’s blog?</p><p>3 Which websites have you bookmarked? 6 Do you enjoy online gaming?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 77</p><p>Social media36</p><p>A Social media verbs</p><p>My friend posted a video of I probably update my status</p><p>her baby and it was shared about twice a week. I like</p><p>over a thousand times! telling people what I’m doing.</p><p>Over 100,000 people</p><p>Send me a friend request, subscribe to his video</p><p>and then you can see the channel and follow him</p><p>pictures I took. on Twitter.</p><p>B A social media app Language help</p><p>Many of the words in this unit</p><p>are used as both nouns and</p><p>verbs. For example:Here’s our round-up of the latest apps. This month we loved</p><p>CatNapp, a new social media app that allows users to share 24 people liked my post.</p><p>information about their favourite pets. My post got 24 likes.</p><p>I commented on her status.</p><p>We found it very easy to use. You create a profile of your cat, I wrote a comment on her</p><p>upload a favourite photo and include some basic information status.</p><p>about it (age, colour, favourite food). You can then post</p><p>updates about what your cat has been doing, share links1 to 1 connections to other websites</p><p>things you find interesting or comment on other cats’ profiles. 2 times people have watched it</p><p>You can rate videos of other cats’ adventures (from one to five 3 times people have clicked ‘like’</p><p>stars) or see how many views2 or likes3 your post got. The 4 messages to tell you when</p><p>most popular post each month wins a prize!</p><p>something has happened</p><p>We found it a little annoying that you can’t turn off</p><p>notifications4 when a friend writes something new, but</p><p>overall cat lovers will adore it. Highly recommended.</p><p>C Online privacy</p><p>Top tips for staying safe online</p><p>On social media, it’s important to think about who can see your personal information:</p><p>• If you have to give personal information (e.g. date of birth, address) when you create an account,</p><p>make sure that it’s kept private. It’s better not to give this information if you don’t have to.</p><p>• Always check your privacy settings [choices on your account about what people see on your profile]</p><p>regularly and make sure you understand who can see what you post. For example, often your</p><p>profile picture is public, but you can usually make posts on your timeline [collection of photos</p><p>and other posts on your profile] private.</p><p>• Remember that if you are tagged [your name and a link to your profile is added] in someone else’s post,</p><p>it might be seen by a lot of people you don’t know. You can ask people to remove the tag if necessary.</p><p>• Use direct messages [messages that only the people in the conversation can see] for private</p><p>conversations, especially if you discuss where you live, paying for things, etc.</p><p>• Delete old accounts on sites that you are not using any more. You might forget what information</p><p>they contain, or the default [what happens automatically if you don’t change it] privacy settings</p><p>might change.</p><p>78 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>36.1 Fill in the gaps with</p><p>the words below.</p><p>follow request post share subscribe status</p><p>share1 If you liked this video, please it with your friends.</p><p>2 I hate it when people hundreds of photos from their holiday.</p><p>3 Do you know Monica Coto? She’s just sent me a friend on Facebook.</p><p>4 I just updated my to tell people we’ve arrived safely at the hotel.</p><p>5 You can to our channel, and we’ll email you when a new video comes out.</p><p>6 Mo likes to chefs and food writers on Twitter.</p><p>36.2 Circle the correct word.</p><p>1 I’ve just uploaded comments / photos of Saturday’s football match to the team Facebook page.</p><p>2 Yi Ling posts / views a lot of updates about her training for the 10k run.</p><p>3 Jo posted a really interesting article about Formula 1 racing, but it didn’t get any likes / rates.</p><p>4 To enter the competition, share / view this picture on your timeline before 8 pm on Friday.</p><p>5 Did you rate / upload that restaurant we went to? I’d give it one star!</p><p>6 Elena made a video for the animal charity she works for and it got 3,000 views / uploads.</p><p>7 An old friend commented / viewed on one of my photos, asking where I was living now.</p><p>36.3 What do we call…?</p><p>profile1 The page with information about the user of social media:</p><p>2 The photo of the user:</p><p>3 The page where a person’s photos and posts appear:</p><p>4 The message a person receives when something new happens:</p><p>5 Part of a private conversation:</p><p>36.4 Fill the gaps with words from C opposite.</p><p>rivate1 I’m a teacher, so I make sure everything in my profile is p .</p><p>I don’t want my students to see it.</p><p>2 To find your p settings, click on the ‘lock’ icon at the top of the screen</p><p>3 If you want everyone to be able to see that post, make sure that it’s p .</p><p>4 Please don’t t me in any of those photos - I look terrible!</p><p>5 If you want to buy the skirt, please send me a d message.</p><p>6 To create an a , you have to give your email address and a password.</p><p>7 The d setting for new posts on this site is Friends Only, but it’s easy to</p><p>change if you want to share something publicly.</p><p>36.5 Over to you</p><p>Answer these questions about yourself.</p><p>1 What was the last thing you posted on social media?</p><p>2 How many views and/or likes did it get?</p><p>3 How often do you comment on other people’s posts?</p><p>4 Have you checked your privacy settings recently? Is your profile public or private?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 79</p><p>37 The press and the media</p><p>A Radio and television</p><p>Read these extracts from TV listings.</p><p>4.00 pm Jessica: talk show1 with Jessica 7.00 pm Documentary: Are we killing our kids?</p><p>Brown; today’s guest, Rona Fredale Investigating5 the junk food industry</p><p>5.00 pm 8.00 pmCartoons2: crazy fun for kids of The Happy Couple: sitcom6 about a pair</p><p>all ages of newly-weds</p><p>5.30 pm 9.00 pm Roundup: sports programme with all theGolden Chance: game show3 with</p><p>day’s top action - tonight: rugby finalBob Langley</p><p>6.00 pm News and weather forecast 10.00 pm The Day in Politics: current affairs7</p><p>programme. Presenter8: James Hill</p><p>6.30 pm Didbury Street: the nation’s 10.30 pm Wikdal: detective drama set in Norway.</p><p>favourite soap4 Episode9 3: A second body is found</p><p>1 usually has a host and famous people who answer questions about themselves 2 film where the characters</p><p>are drawn rather than real 3 show where people compete to win prizes 4 short for soap opera - a series</p><p>of TV/radio programmes about the lives of a particular group of characters, continuing over a long period and</p><p>broadcast (several times) every week 5 trying to find out the facts/truth about something 6 funny TV/</p><p>radio show where the same characters appear in a different story each week 7 news about political events</p><p>happening now 8 person who introduces the show 9 one of the parts into which a story is divided</p><p>Other expressions connected with TV and radioB</p><p>The (mass) media refers to TV, radio, newspapers and the Internet, i.e. means of communication</p><p>which reach very large numbers of people.</p><p>Subtitles enable people to read what the characters are saying (maybe in translation).</p><p>If a film is dubbed, you hear the speech in your own language.</p><p>To receive a lot of TV channels, you may need a satellite dish on the roof or wall of your house.</p><p>Many channels depend on (TV) commercials to make money. You may be able to stream radio and TV</p><p>broadcasts from the Internet and you may be Language helpable to watch catch-up TV, or TV on demand,</p><p>which allow you to watch programmes whenever The noun means (a way of doing something)</p><p>you like. A lot of radio and TV stations offer free always ends in s, even in the singular. The Internet</p><p>podcasts which you can download. is an important means of communication.</p><p>NewspapersC</p><p>A popular or tabloid newspaper usually focuses on1 sensation2 rather than real news, whereas</p><p>a quality newspaper is usually more interested in serious news. A tabloid often has stories about</p><p>celebrities, sport, scandals3 and crime, while a quality paper focuses more on serious journalism4</p><p>with in-depth5 articles. To read newspapers on the Internet, you may have to subscribe / pay a</p><p>subscription6.</p><p>1 emphasises / pays attention to 2 very exciting or interesting events 3 events which shock people in a moral</p><p>way 4 the work of collecting, writing and publishing or broadcasting news and articles 5 done carefully and in</p><p>great detail, explaining the reasons for events 6 pay a sum of money regularly (e.g. once a year)</p><p>Verbs connected with the mediaD</p><p>The BBC World Service broadcasts throughout the world. [transmits TV/radio programmes]</p><p>They’re televising the opening of Parliament tomorrow. (or, less formal: showing)</p><p>The film was shot / made on location in Australia. [filmed in a real place, not in a studio]</p><p>The series is set in London in the 1980s. [place/time where the drama happens]</p><p>Within minutes of the event, people were tweeting about it. [posting very short messages on the Internet]</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>Remember that the noun news is uncountable and takes a singular verb. I have some news for you.</p><p>(NOT I have a news.) The news is on TV at 7 pm. (NOT The news are on TV.)</p><p>80 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>37.1 What sort of TV programmes from A opposite are these people talking about?</p><p>1 ‘It investigated 2 ‘Walt Disney made a 3 ‘The Minister of 4 ‘It’s so funny,</p><p>how the banks had lot of them. Mickey Education was on especially when the</p><p>wasted billions of Mouse was probably it, discussing the old uncle appears. We</p><p>euros in bad loans.’ his most famous.’ new schools policy.’ can’t stop laughing.’</p><p>documentary</p><p>5 ‘My mum watches it every 6 ‘We wanted to 7 ‘They always solve 8 ‘He interviewed that</p><p>day. She knows all the find out if it was the murder in the young star who just</p><p>characters as if they were going to rain end, but it’s very won an Oscar, oh,</p><p>real.’ tomorrow.’ exciting.’ what’s her name?’</p><p>9 ‘The prize is £500,000 this 10 ‘They showed a repeat of the Manchesterweek. That’s a lot of money!’ United versus Valencia match.’</p><p>37.2 Fill the gaps with words from B opposite.</p><p>1 Which do you prefer if a film is in a foreign language, to read subtitles or to have the film</p><p>d ?</p><p>2 I downloaded a great p about bees. I listened to it on my MP3 player in bed last night.</p><p>3 I hate it when c interrupt a good film. I usually go and make a cup of tea while they’re on.</p><p>4 We’ve got a new s d on our roof. We can r hundreds of</p><p>channels now.</p><p>5 I’d like a job in the m , perhaps in TV or radio.</p><p>6 A lot of people use social networking sites as their main m of communication with</p><p>their friends.</p><p>7 People often download b from the Internet so they don’t need to watch them on the</p><p>day they are transmitted.</p><p>8 With a fast broadband connection, you can s TV shows directly from the Internet.</p><p>37.3 Sort these words into two categories: ‘tabloid’ and ‘quality’ newspaper.</p><p>celebrity news complex political debate scandals in-depth reviews of books</p><p>competitions and prizes sensational crimes long articles huge headlines</p><p>tabloid quality</p><p>celebrity news</p><p>37.4 Rewrite the words in bold using verbs from the opposite page.</p><p>investigated1 The documentary looked into the food industry and emphasised</p><p>school meals.</p><p>2 The programme was filmed / in Northern Finland. (two answers)</p><p>3 CNN sends news programmes around the world.</p><p>4 They’re showing the cup final next week. (give a more formal verb)</p><p>5 The drama takes place in Paris in the 1880s.</p><p>6 Do you ever send those short messages over the Internet about news events?</p><p>37.5 Over to you</p><p>Which types of media do you use most? Give your reasons.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 81</p><p>Politics and public institutions38</p><p>A Types of government</p><p>republic: a state governed by representatives and, usually, a president (e.g. USA, France)</p><p>monarchy: a state ruled by a king or queen (e.g. UK, Sweden)</p><p>federation: a union of political units (e.g. provinces) under a central government (e.g. USA)</p><p>democracy: government of, by and for the people</p><p>dictatorship: system of government run by a dictator</p><p>independence: freedom from outside control; self-governing</p><p>Presidential and parliamentary government (US and UK)B</p><p>United States Presidential government: The powers of the President</p><p>and the legislature (Congress) are separate. These branches of</p><p>government are elected1 separately. The President is elected for a</p><p>four-year term and can appoint2 or nominate high officials in government,</p><p>including cabinet members (who advise) and federal judges. The</p><p>President leads a major party, usually, but not always, the majority</p><p>party3 in Congress. Congress consists of two houses, the House of</p><p>Representatives and the Senate.</p><p>United Kingdom Parliamentary government: The government consists</p><p>of a legislature4 (Parliament) and a Cabinet of Ministers5 from the</p><p>majority party in Parliament. If no party has an overall majority, there may</p><p>be a coalition government formed from more than one party. The Prime</p><p>Minister is the head of the government and the leader of the majority</p><p>party in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister selects high</p><p>officials and heads6 the Cabinet. Parliament consists of two chambers,</p><p>the House of Commons and the House of Lords. MPs are members of</p><p>parliament elected from each constituency7 to the House of Commons.</p><p>1 chosen by vote 2 decide who to give positions of authority to 3 political party which won the most</p><p>votes 4 group of people who make new laws 5 group of most important ministers 6 is the leader of</p><p>7 geographical voting area</p><p>C Parliamentary elections</p><p>During a general election each constituency has to choose which politician it wants as its</p><p>representative. Usually there are several candidates to choose from. These candidates are all</p><p>standing (or running) for Parliament. They present the policies, i.e. their party’s plans. On polling</p><p>day every adult goes to the polling station and casts a vote by marking a cross on their ballot</p><p>paper. The candidate who gets the majority of votes wins the seat. If the vote is very close, the</p><p>constituency may be referred to as a marginal seat.</p><p>Language help</p><p>Here are some word families relating to words on this page.</p><p>verb person noun abstract noun</p><p>rule ruler rule</p><p>govern governor government</p><p>preside (often followed by over) president presidency</p><p>represent representative representation</p><p>elect elector; electorate (group of people) election</p><p>82 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>38.1 Circle the correct word from the choices offered.</p><p>1 A member of parliament governs / rules / represents his or her constituency.</p><p>2 India gained republic / independence / democracy from the UK in 1948.</p><p>3 On electing / voting / polling day electors cast their votes.</p><p>4 She’s running / sitting / walking for Parliament in the next election.</p><p>5 His father was voted / stood / elected MP for Cambridge City.</p><p>6 What is your country’s economic politics / policy / politician?</p><p>7 The USA is a legislature / federation / congress of 50 states.</p><p>8 Although modern monarchs are said to rule / govern / preside over their countries they have</p><p>little real power.</p><p>38.2 Look at this text about politics in the UK. Fill in the missing words.</p><p>chambersParliament in the UK consists of two 1 : the House of Commons and the House</p><p>of Lords. The country is divided into 2 , each of which elects a(n) 3</p><p>to represent it in the House of Commons. The ruling party in the Commons is the one</p><p>which gains a 4 of seats. The main figure in that party is called the 5</p><p>Sometimes more than one party may share power in a 6 government.</p><p>The Commons is elected for a maximum period of five years although the Prime Minister may</p><p>call a general 7 at any time within that period.</p><p>38.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>1 The President appointed his uncle c a over a Cabinet of Ministers.</p><p>2 The Prime Minister presides b on the ballot paper.</p><p>3 In last year’s election I voted c as a judge.</p><p>4 Lee says he would never want to stand d from in our constituency.</p><p>5 Put a cross beside the name you want e the seat in our constituency.</p><p>6 I haven’t decided yet how to cast f for the Green Party candidate.</p><p>7 I’m not keen on the candidate who won g for political office.</p><p>8 We had five candidates to choose h my vote.</p><p>38.4 Find a word from the Language help section to match each definition.</p><p>1 the person with the highest political position in a republic the President</p><p>2 someone who speaks or does something officially, on behalf of a group of people</p><p>3 the leader of a country, e.g. a monarch or dictator</p><p>4 the period of office of the person with the highest political position in a republic</p><p>5 system used for controlling a country</p><p>6 the group of people who are entitled to vote</p><p>7 to act officially for a group of people</p><p>38.5 Over to you</p><p>Write a paragraph about the political system in your country. Make sure your paragraph deals with</p><p>all the following aspects of the topic appropriate to your country:</p><p>kind of government, e.g. a republic or a monarchy chambers or houses elections terms of office</p><p>government leader</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 83</p><p>Crime39</p><p>A Crimes and criminals</p><p>crime definition criminal verb</p><p>murder killing someone murderer murder</p><p>shoplifting stealing something from a shop shoplifter shoplift</p><p>burglary stealing something from someone’s home burglar burgle</p><p>smuggling taking something illegally into another country smuggler smuggle</p><p>kidnapping taking a person hostage in exchange for money or other kidnapper kidnap</p><p>favours, etc.</p><p>terrorism violent action for political purposes terrorist (terrorise)</p><p>fraud deceiving people in order to take money from them fraudster defraud</p><p>taking someone, especially a child, usually in order to abductor abduct</p><p>abduction harm them</p><p>All the verbs in the table above are regular. Note that the verb terrorise is mainly used in a general</p><p>way, meaning to make others very frightened, rather than just relating to the crime.</p><p>B Investigating crime</p><p>Ross committed a crime when he robbed a bank. Someone witnessed the crime and told the police.</p><p>The police arrested Ross and charged him with bank robbery. They also accused his twin brother,</p><p>Ben, of being his accomplice1. The police investigated the case2 and collected evidence3 at the</p><p>crime scene. They found Ross’s fingerprints and they also found DNA evidence4 that linked him to</p><p>the crime, so they were confident they had proof5 that the two men were guilty.</p><p>1 someone who helps someone commit a crime 2 a crime that is being investigated 3 information used in a</p><p>court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not 4 evidence from hair or skin that can be analysed</p><p>scientifically and be shown to come from a particular person 5 evidence that shows conclusively whether</p><p>something is a fact or not</p><p>C Trial and punishment</p><p>The case came to court1, and Ross and Ben were tried2. The trial3 did not last very long. Ross</p><p>and Ben both pleaded not guilty4 in court. Their lawyer did her best to defend them, but the</p><p>prosecuting lawyer produced a very strong case against them. After brief deliberations5, the</p><p>jury passed verdict on them. They decided that Ross was guilty, and he was convicted of6</p><p>robbery, but Ben was innocent7. The judge acquitted Ben of any involvement in the robbery,</p><p>but sentenced Ross to three years in prison/jail. As well as a prison sentence, Ross also had to</p><p>pay a large fine. Ross served two years in prison, but was released from prison a year early.</p><p>He got time off for good behaviour.</p><p>1 the place where a judge makes legal decisions 2 were put through a legal process to decide whether they</p><p>committed the crime or not 3 the legal process in court whereby an accused person is investigated and tried</p><p>4 said they did not commit the crime 5 discussions 6 found to be guilty of a crime 7 not guilty of a crime</p><p>D People connected with crime and the legal process</p><p>offender: someone who commits an illegal act (an offence)</p><p>judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence, i.e. the punishment when someone</p><p>is found guilty</p><p>jury: group of citizens (12 in the UK and, usually, the US) who decide on the verdict, i.e. whether the</p><p>accused is guilty or not</p><p>victim: a person who suffers as the result of a crime</p><p>suspect: a person who is suspected of committing an offence</p><p>witness: a person who sees a crime being committed</p><p>84 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>Which crime is each person accused of?39.1</p><p>Zoe is accused of shoplifting.1 Zoe stole a chocolate bar from a shop.</p><p>2 Harry took a film star’s son and said she could only have him back if she paid a large sum</p><p>of money.</p><p>3 Ophelia shot her husband in the heart.</p><p>4 Noah tried to take a large amount of cigarettes into his country without paying the due tax.</p><p>5 Tom broke into someone’s house and stole a TV and a computer.</p><p>6 Mike used a website to sell people holiday homes that didn’t really exist.</p><p>Fill in the gaps in the newspaper article below with words from B opposite.39.2</p><p>CRIME WATCH</p><p>A man has been 1 by police and 2 with burglary after a</p><p>house in the city centre was broken into last night. Experts have searched the</p><p>3 and found several items which they have taken away to be used</p><p>as 4 in court. The police believe the burglar may have had an</p><p>5 , so they are calling for anyone who 6 the crime to come</p><p>forward and help them catch the second burglar.</p><p>A preposition is missing in each of these sentences. Add it.39.3</p><p>1 The judge sentenced the accusedto</p><p>>ten years in prison.</p><p>2 Many prisoners end up getting time for good behaviour.</p><p>3 The police have charged the driver of the red sports car speeding.</p><p>4 The two girls are suspected taking sweets from the shop without paying.</p><p>5 Sam was found guilty today but the judge will decide his sentence tomorrow.</p><p>6 The jury passed a verdict of guilty the accused.</p><p>39.4 Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets.</p><p>1 The judge gave the accused six months in prison as punishment. (sentenced)</p><p>The judge sentenced the accused to six months in prison.</p><p>2 The police think Bert is guilty but they cannot show this to be true. (proof)</p><p>3 In court the accused said he did not commit the crime. (pleaded)</p><p>4 The murder case is still being looked into by the police. (investigation)</p><p>5 Anyone suffering because of a crime can join this support group. (victim)</p><p>6 The detective thought the jealous lover killed the woman. (suspected)</p><p>7 The bank robbers are currently being tried at a court in London. (trial)</p><p>8 Nathan is hoping to be let out of prison soon. (released)</p><p>39.5 Over to you</p><p>Find out about how criminals are caught and punished in your country. Answer the questions.</p><p>1 Who decides if someone is guilty or innocent?</p><p>2 Who decides on their sentence?</p><p>3 Can criminals get time off their sentence for good behaviour?</p><p>4 How are victims of crime helped?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 85</p><p>Money40</p><p>A Personal finance</p><p>Read these advertisements about personal finance.</p><p>. Newbank - Your Bank Short of cash? Need a loan?</p><p>Need a good current account1 with the best Need to raise money for that round-the-world</p><p>interest rates2 and a guaranteed overdraft trip? For a loan with competitive8 interest rates£</p><p>facility3? Pop into one of our branches. visit our website at www.cashforyou.com</p><p>TOO MANY CREDIT CARDS? . Looking for a mortgage9? Act now! For mortgages</p><p>Consolidate4 all your cards and debts5 into with low deposits10 and flexible repayments11</p><p>one convenient payment6. Discuss your</p><p>call 01569 87623.credit limit7 with us today. Call 01677 442319.</p><p>1 account you use for most everyday business 2 percentage which the bank pays you based on how much you</p><p>have in your account 3 permission to have a negative amount of money in your account 4 join together</p><p>to make one 5 money you owe someone 6 the act of paying something 7 the maximum amount of</p><p>money you may spend on your card 8 as good as or better than other banks 9 a loan used usually to buy a</p><p>house 10 money you pay before buying something to show you really want to buy it 11 payments to reduce</p><p>the amount you owe</p><p>B Bank accounts and services</p><p>I’ve just opened a savings account7, and II have a steady income1 now, which is great,</p><p>transfer8 money into it regularly.and my outgoings2 are quite low. I don’t have</p><p>any major expenses3.</p><p>I pay all my bills by direct debit4, so I don’t My account is usually in credit9 at the beginning of</p><p>have to worry about them. It also means the month, but by the end of the month it’s always</p><p>I have a good credit rating5, so I can overdrawn10. I hate being in the red11 and the</p><p>borrow money if I need to. banks all charge interest12 on overdrafts! I try not to</p><p>go over my overdraft limit, though.</p><p>I need to buy a car, but I’m not sure how I’m</p><p>going to finance6 it.</p><p>I use online banking most of the time. I</p><p>only go to the bank occasionally, to use</p><p>the cash machine.</p><p>1 money coming in regularly, in a way that does not change much 2 money you pay each month, e.g. rent,</p><p>cost of running a car, etc. 3 money you spend on things 4 money taken automatically from your account,</p><p>e.g. to pay bills, a mortgage, etc.; the bank debits (verb) your account for the necessary sums of money</p><p>5 judgement made by a bank about how likely someone is to pay back money that they borrow 6 find the</p><p>money needed to pay for it 7 account where you put money you do not immediately need 8 move from</p><p>one account to another 9 has a positive amount of money in it 10 has a negative amount of money in it</p><p>11 infml have a negative amount of money in your account 12 make you pay a percentage of the amount</p><p>C Public finance</p><p>The government collects money through taxes. Income tax is the tax collected on wages and</p><p>salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on money people get from people who have died. Customs (or</p><p>excise) duty is paid on goods imported from other countries; airports usually have duty-free shops.</p><p>VAT (value added tax) is a tax paid on most goods and services. Companies pay corporation tax on</p><p>their profits.</p><p>86 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>http://www.cashforyou.com/</p><p>Exercises</p><p>40.1 Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.</p><p>e1 interest a an account for money you don’t need immediately</p><p>2 mortgage b payment taken automatically from an account</p><p>3 overdraft c an account for day-to-day use</p><p>4 savings account d a loan to buy a house or flat</p><p>5 current account e money that is charged on a loan</p><p>6 direct debit f an account with a negative sum of money in it</p><p>40.2 Use words from A opposite to complete the sentences.</p><p>1 Nico owes his brother 5,000 euros and he borrowed 10,000 euros to buy a car. Nico has</p><p>ebtsd totalling 15,000 euros.</p><p>2 Misha spent 6,000 euros on her credit card; the bank said she’d spent 1,000 euros too much.</p><p>Her c l was 5,000 euros.</p><p>3 Newbank offers interest rates on loans that are similar to the rates other banks offer and are</p><p>sometimes better. Newbank’s rates are c</p><p>4 Before she bought her new car, Alice paid £500 to the dealer. She paid a d</p><p>of £500.</p><p>5 If a customer needs more money than is in their account, they can get permission to go on using</p><p>the account. The bank offers an o f</p><p>6 Harry sold his car, got a part-time job and offered to clean people’s windows. He was trying to</p><p>r money to f his trip to Africa.</p><p>7 You only need one credit card. You can c all the sums you owe into one</p><p>p</p><p>8</p><p>If you want to buy a house, the bank offers loans where you can pay the money back over</p><p>30 years. The bank offers m with r over 30 years.</p><p>40.3 What do we call ...</p><p>1 the tax you pay on imported goods? customs / excise duty</p><p>2 a shop at an airport where you don’t pay tax?</p><p>3 a tax which is added to most goods and services?</p><p>4 a tax on money paid if someone dies?</p><p>5 the tax that companies pay on their profits?</p><p>6 the tax that the government takes out of your salary?</p><p>40.4 Answer the questions. Give reasons for your answers.</p><p>1 If you were overdrawn, would you be in a good situation or a bad one?</p><p>A bad situation - you would have a negative amount of money in your bank account.</p><p>2 Why might a person open a savings account as well as a current account?</p><p>3 Joel’s account is in the red. Why is his bank manager unhappy?</p><p>4 Why might someone transfer money from a savings account to a current</p><p>account?</p><p>5 Why is online banking easier than visiting your branch?</p><p>6 Why are cash machines so convenient? Are there any risks in using them?</p><p>7 Zara’s account is in credit. Is she probably happy or unhappy?</p><p>8 Bob doesn’t have a steady income and his outgoings are very high. Do you think he feels secure</p><p>or insecure?</p><p>9 If your bank debited your account for 500 euros, would you feel you had more or less money as</p><p>a result?</p><p>10 If you have a good credit rating, what will you find it easier to do?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 87</p><p>Describing objects41</p><p>Some pairs of opposite adjectivesA</p><p>Cotton is a natural material and nylon is artificial.</p><p>Red and yellow are vivid colours while grey is a sombre colour.</p><p>a conventional a bizarre chairYou can see through a transparent material but you can’t see</p><p>chairthrough an opaque material.</p><p>A machine that has no problems at all is perfect while one that doesn’t work properly is faulty.</p><p>Something that is hard and doesn’t move or bend easily is stiff while something that bends easily is</p><p>flexible.</p><p>A material that can be easily spoilt by, for example, washing,</p><p>can be called delicate while something that is hard to spoil</p><p>can be called tough.</p><p>A material like glass that can be easily broken can be called</p><p>fragile while something that does not break easily can be a plain frame a decorative framecalled strong or sturdy.</p><p>I prefer strong coffee to weak coffee - I can’t stand coffee that has too much water or milk in it. I like</p><p>to be able to really taste my coffee!</p><p>The painting is not a genuine Picasso - it’s a fake.</p><p>B Adjectives and nouns</p><p>adjective noun example meaning</p><p>decent decency I’d like to get a table that’s a decent size so we good</p><p>can have ten people to a meal.</p><p>entire entirety Between them they ate the entire cake! whole</p><p>characteristic character, Big windows are characteristic of houses built in typical</p><p>characteristic the early 1900s.</p><p>precise precision We need to take precise measurements before exact</p><p>we decide which fridge to get.</p><p>severe severity It’s a severe building - all concrete and straight very serious</p><p>lines.</p><p>solid solidity The table is made of solid oak. hard all through</p><p>trivial trivia, triviality He doesn’t write serious novels, just trivial insignificant</p><p>romances.</p><p>The only verbs that can be formed from adjectives in the above table are characterise, solidify and</p><p>trivialise.</p><p>C Phrases typical of speech</p><p>Did you see that great big cat run across the grass? [very big]</p><p>This photo isn’t half as interesting as that one. [is much less]</p><p>Jessie’s car is nowhere near as powerful as mine. [much less]</p><p>Tamara makes an unusually strong cup of coffee.</p><p>It’s a reasonably good piece of sculpture. [fairly good]</p><p>It’s a pretty thick book. [fairly thick]</p><p>88 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>41.1 Answer these questions relating to the adjectives in A opposite.</p><p>lycra1 Which is artificial - silk or lycra?</p><p>2 Which is more delicate when it comes to washing - silk or cotton?</p><p>3 Would you say a watch that looks like a snake has a conventional or a bizarre design?</p><p>4 How could you describe car brakes that are not working properly?</p><p>5 Which would cost more - a genuine Monet painting or a fake one?</p><p>6 Which of these materials is more fragile - china or wood?</p><p>7 Which is more flexible - metal or rubber?</p><p>41.2 Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.</p><p>B1 Jana’s clothes are never frivolous - they’re always rather .</p><p>A delicate B severe C precise D bizarre</p><p>2 This painting is of the works of Rembrandt.</p><p>A characteristic B solid C entire D plain</p><p>3 I’d like to buy the salami, please, not just a small piece of it.</p><p>A precise B trivial C entire D solid</p><p>4 Do have the to put on a new shirt, not that one with the hole.</p><p>A decency B severity C vividness D characteristic</p><p>5 Writing a good job application is not a matter.</p><p>A solid B conventional C trivial D transparent</p><p>6 Making beautiful jewellery requires a high degree of .</p><p>A entirety B precision C character D triviality</p><p>41.3 Choose words from the box to complete the dialogue.</p><p>reasonably nowhere half great unusually pretty</p><p>NINA: I love this room, Mark. Those 1 great big windows are wonderful, and the views</p><p>from them are 2 amazing too.</p><p>MARK: Thanks. And I’m sure it isn’t 3 as expensive as you might imagine.</p><p>I only pay 1,000 euros a month.</p><p>NINA: Wow! That’s 4 near as much as I pay. And my flat’s very noisy too. It seems</p><p>5 quiet here - you don’t seem to hear too much noise from the street.</p><p>MARK: No, it’s not too bad. And I’ve certainly got 6 quiet neighbours. I never hear</p><p>a sound from their flat.</p><p>NINA: Lucky you! I wish I could say the same about mine.</p><p>41.4 Some words in this unit can be used to talk about abstract ideas as well as objects.</p><p>Use your knowledge of these words to answer the questions.</p><p>1 If someone gives you a genuine smile, do they feel friendly or not particularly friendly</p><p>They feel friendlytowards you?</p><p>2 Do you think a transparent argument is one that is easy or difficult to follow?</p><p>3 If a writer describes something vividly, is their writing effective?</p><p>4 If a person behaves in a stiff way, are they more likely to be relaxed or tense?</p><p>5 If the teacher says your work is ‘solid’, are you likely to be pleased or not?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 89</p><p>Belief and opinion42</p><p>Verbs connected with beliefs and opinionsA</p><p>You probably already know think and believe; here are some more verbs.</p><p>I’m convinced we’ve met before. [very strong feeling that you’re right]</p><p>I’ve always held that compulsory education is a waste of time. [used for very firm beliefs; fml; maintain</p><p>could be used here]</p><p>She maintains that we’re related, but I’m not convinced. [insists on believing, often against the evidence;</p><p>fml; hold could not be used here]</p><p>I feel she shouldn’t be forced to do the job. [strong personal opinion]</p><p>I reckon they’ll get married soon. [used for an opinion about what is likely to happen / to be true; infml]</p><p>I doubt /daʊt/ we’ll ever see total world peace. [don’t believe]</p><p>I suspect a lot of people never even think about pollution when they’re driving their own car. [have a</p><p>strong feeling about something negative; fairly formal]</p><p>B Phrases for expressing opinion</p><p>We haven’t made any progress, in my view / in my opinion. (fairly formal)</p><p>She’s made a big mistake, to my mind. (fairly informal)</p><p>If you ask me, he ought to change his job. (infml)</p><p>Note how point of view is used in English:</p><p>From a teacher’s point of view, the new examinations are a disaster. [how teachers see things, or are</p><p>affected]</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>Notice the prepositions in these phrases: In my opinion/view but to my mind and from my point</p><p>of view. (NOT in my mind or in my point of view)</p><p>Prepositions used with belief and opinion wordsC</p><p>Do you believe in life after death? What are your views on divorce? What do you think of the new</p><p>boss?</p><p>Are you for or against long prison sentences? (neutral/infml)</p><p>I’m in favour of (opp opposed to; fml) long prison sentences.</p><p>I have my doubts about this plan.</p><p>Beliefs, ideologies, philosophies, convictionsD</p><p>If you would rather organise this word tree differently or can add more examples, do so; it will</p><p>probably</p><p>help you to remember the words better.</p><p>beliefs</p><p>convictionsideologies philosophies</p><p>lef/right wing religious moralintellectual personal</p><p>socialist conservative Darwinist vegetarian Muslim pacifist</p><p>E Adjectives for describing beliefs and opinions</p><p>These are in sets which have similar, but not exactly the same, meaning:</p><p>fanatical / obsessive eccentric / odd / weird conservative / traditional</p><p>middle-of-the-road / moderate dedicated / committed firm / strong radical / extreme</p><p>Jason is a fanatical supporter of the Green Party. Grandpa has rather eccentric views. Maria is a moderate</p><p>liberal. Rosie is a committed Christian. Emma is a firm believer in free speech. Tom is a radical Marxist.</p><p>90 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>42.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right and add an</p><p>appropriate preposition. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.</p><p>1 I have strong views on c a my opinion.</p><p>2 Many people believe b the proposed changes.</p><p>3 I was in favour c marriage.</p><p>4 What does she think d the plans for the new airport?</p><p>5 This is absurd, e life after death.</p><p>6 He’s quite wrong, f how honest he is.</p><p>7 Well, that’s just silly, g our point of view.</p><p>8 I have my doubts h the new teacher?</p><p>9 Is Alex likely to be opposed i my mind.</p><p>42.2 Use adjectives from E which fit the phrases describing the beliefs and views of</p><p>these people.</p><p>1 A person who insists that the earth is flat. (an eccentric belief)</p><p>2 A person who believes absolutely in the power of love to solve world problems.</p><p>(a believer in the power of love)</p><p>3 A socialist neither on the left or the right of the party. (a socialist)</p><p>4 A vegetarian who refuses even to be in the same room as people who love meat. (an</p><p>vegetarian)</p><p>5 Someone who is always suspicious of change. (a rather view of the world)</p><p>6 Someone who is in favour of making everyone wear blue clothes on Tuesdays. (a rather</p><p>point of view)</p><p>42.3 Rewrite these sentences using a form of the verb in brackets.</p><p>My mum reckons Nina's expecting a baby.1 My mum’s sure Nina’s expecting a baby. (reckon)</p><p>2 I’ve always suspected that ghosts don’t really exist. (doubt)</p><p>3 My view has always been that people should rely on themselves more. (hold)</p><p>4 Claudia is convinced that the teacher has been unfair to her. (maintain)</p><p>5 I had a very strong feeling that I had been in that room before. (convince)</p><p>6 In his view, we should have tried again. (feel)</p><p>42.4 Over to you</p><p>Are you … ? Consider how many of these words apply to you, and explain why. Some ideas for</p><p>situations are given in the box to help you decide. Write sentences about yourself.</p><p>EXAMPLE I don't think I'm a moralist because I wouldn't try to impose my views about religious or other</p><p>morality on other people.</p><p>a moralist left-wing an intellectual a traditionalist a philosopher middle-of-the-road</p><p>a radical thinker dedicated</p><p>food preferences politics learning English sport life and existence</p><p>work religion</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 91</p><p>Pleasant and unpleasant feelings43</p><p>A Happiness and unhappiness</p><p>You feel ...</p><p>content(ed) when you are satisfied with what you have. Content is not used before a noun. You can</p><p>say ‘She is content/contented’ but only ‘a contented person’.</p><p>He’s very content with his life. He’s always been a contented person.</p><p>grateful when someone has done something thoughtful for you. Note: You feel thankful if something</p><p>bad that could have happened did not happen.</p><p>I’m really grateful to you for helping me with my project.</p><p>delighted when something has happened that gives you great pleasure, when you hear news of</p><p>someone’s good fortune, for instance.</p><p>I was delighted to hear you’re getting married!</p><p>miserable when everything seems wrong in your life.</p><p>I felt miserable all day yesterday - maybe it was just the grey, cold weather.</p><p>discontented when your life is not giving you satisfaction.</p><p>She’s very discontented with her job and is going to look for a new one.</p><p>fed up / sick and tired when you have had enough of something disagreeable.</p><p>I’m fed up with Olivia's rudeness, and sick (and tired) of her bad behaviour.</p><p>depressed when you are miserable over a long period of time. Depression is considered an illness in</p><p>some severe cases.</p><p>I felt depressed after having ten job interviews and not getting a job.</p><p>confused when you cannot make sense of different conflicting feelings or ideas.</p><p>I feel so confused - last week she said she loved me passionately; this week she said</p><p>we were just good friends.</p><p>B Excitement, upset, anger and anxiety</p><p>I felt inspired after the concert. I’ve decided She was so thrilled when she got a job with</p><p>to take piano lessons. a TV company. She’s always wanted to work</p><p>[stimulated to do something positive or creative] in the media.</p><p>[how you feel when something extremely</p><p>exciting and pleasing happens]</p><p>The argument I had with Eva the other</p><p>night really upset me.</p><p>[made me feel unhappy] I was so nervous before the exam, and</p><p>then I felt anxious before the results came</p><p>out, but I passed with a high grade.</p><p>I was quite enthusiastic about my tennis [nervous: feeling nervous is a bit like feeling</p><p>lessons at first, but the teacher isn’t very excited but it is a negative feeling]</p><p>good and now I just feel frustrated. [anxious: when you are afraid and uncertain]</p><p>[enthusiastic: had very positive feelings]</p><p>[frustrated: feeling unable to do something</p><p>I was furious with the waiter. The serviceyou really want to do]</p><p>was slow and he spilt coffee over my shirt.</p><p>[extremely angry]</p><p>Language help</p><p>Really can be used with all the adjectives on this page. Absolutely goes only with the words describing</p><p>extreme states, i.e. delighted, fed up, sick and tired, thrilled, furious. With these words quite means</p><p>absolutely, but with the other less extreme words, quite means rather.</p><p>92 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>43.1 Read the remarks and then answer the questions.</p><p>Pilar ‘I felt so good Max ‘I’ve hadKatie ‘I like</p><p>George ‘I’m just not that nothing bad enough of all themy life and Ifeeling very happy had happened. It arguments and thehave nothing totoday. Everything could have been a bad atmosphere atcomplain about.’seems to have gone disaster.’ work.’</p><p>wrong.’</p><p>Carlos ‘I’ve</p><p>Sara ‘Thank Stefan ‘I justAgnes ‘I felt very been so unhappy</p><p>you for helping don’t understand.happy when I heard for a long time.</p><p>me today.’ Was that his wifeshe had an interview I’ve been seeing</p><p>or his daughter?’for the job.’ a psychiatrist.’</p><p>Who feels ... name Who feels ... name</p><p>1 fed up with something? 5 miserable?Max</p><p>2 depressed? 6 thankful?</p><p>3 content? 7 confused?</p><p>4 grateful? 8 delighted?</p><p>43.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite.</p><p>1 After watching the nature programme, I felt stimulated inspired to become a zoologist.</p><p>2 I always get a feeling of negative excitement just before an exam.</p><p>3 I was extremely angry when they refused to give me my money back.</p><p>4 I was very excited and pleased to see my old school friend again after so long.</p><p>5 The news about Rory’s illness really made me feel unhappy</p><p>6 At first, I was full of positive feelings about the course, but it’s just not very good.</p><p>43.3 Sort the adjectives into positive and negative feelings.</p><p>contented sick and tired anxious thrilled frustrated confused</p><p>positive negative</p><p>sick and tired</p><p>43.4 Fill the gaps using the adjectives in 43.3. Choose an appropriate adverb (absolutely, quite</p><p>or a bit) to go in front of the adjective. Sometimes, both are possible.</p><p>quite anxious1 I was feeling (quite / absolutely) because she had not phoned to say she</p><p>had arrived safely.</p><p>2 I am (quite / absolutely) of her selfish behaviour. I’ve had enough!</p><p>3 It’s all so complicated. I feel (a bit / quite) . Can you help me?</p><p>4 I was (absolutely / a bit) when I heard the wonderful news!</p><p>5 It made me feel (quite / a bit) that I still couldn’t play any songs after six</p><p>weeks of guitar lessons.</p><p>6 You always seem so (absolutely / quite) with life. How lucky you are!</p><p>43.5 Over to you</p><p>Choose six adjectives from this unit which</p><p>describe feelings you have had recently and write</p><p>sentences about when and why you felt that way.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 93</p><p>Like, dislike and desire44</p><p>A Words and expressions relating to liking</p><p>Reply Forward</p><p>Dear Anna,</p><p>Good to hear from you after so many years. Fancy you</p><p>being married!</p><p>I’m not married but I’ve got a boyfriend called Tom. I</p><p>must tell you about him. We’ve known each other for</p><p>three years. I quite liked him when we first met, but I</p><p>didn’t really fancy him in any big way. I did like being with</p><p>him - he fascinated me with his stories of his travels</p><p>around the world and something mysterious about his</p><p>past attracted me. What’s more, we were both keen on</p><p>sailing. Little by little I fell in love with him. His sense</p><p>of humour appealed to me and I was captivated by</p><p>his smiling eyes. Now, three years later, I can’t see why I</p><p>didn’t fall for him the moment we met. He’s a very caring</p><p>person, fond of animals and small children. He’s always</p><p>affectionate and loving towards me and passionate</p><p>both about me and about the things he believes in</p><p>and the people he cares for. I hope we’ll always be as</p><p>devoted to each other as we are now.</p><p>Do write again soon and tell me all about your life!</p><p>Love,</p><p>Amy</p><p>Words and expressions relating to dislikingB</p><p>Loathe, detest, despise, cannot stand and cannot bear are all stronger ways of saying ‘dislike’ and</p><p>they are all followed by a noun or an -ing form.</p><p>I loathe / detest / despise / can’t stand / can’t bear bad-mannered people. I can’t bear listening to</p><p>her stupid stories.</p><p>Repel, revolt, appal and disgust are strong words used to describe the negative effect which</p><p>something has on a person.</p><p>His films disgust me. I was revolted by the way he spoke. We were appalled by the conditions in the</p><p>refugee camp. His behaviour repels everyone.</p><p>Words and expressions relating to desiringC</p><p>Desire is either a formal verb to express a sexual wish for someone or a formal word for wish.</p><p>He desired her the moment he saw her. I have a strong desire to see the Himalayas before</p><p>I die.</p><p>Look forward to means think about something in the future with pleasant anticipation. It is followed</p><p>by a noun or an -ing form. The opposite is dread, which is rather strong.</p><p>I’m looking forward to going to Fiji but I’m dreading the long flight.</p><p>Long for means to wish for something very much. Yearn for is a more poetic way of saying long for.</p><p>After this long, cold winter, I’m longing for spring. He will never stop yearning for his country</p><p>although he knows he can never return.</p><p>94 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>44.1 Complete the sentences with words from A opposite and add the missing prepositions.</p><p>1 Jack and Lily are very d evoted to each other.</p><p>2 Mrs Williams is very f her son-in-law.</p><p>3 Are you k rugby? There’s a big match on TV tonight.</p><p>4 Spending a whole day with my cousins doesn’t a me.</p><p>5 We just looked at each other and we f love immediately.</p><p>6 She’s so beautiful. I f her the moment I saw her.</p><p>7 Our grandmother was always very a us when we were little and hugged us every</p><p>time she saw us.</p><p>8 She’s very p wildlife and c sick animals in the local animal</p><p>rescue centre.</p><p>44.2 Rewrite the sentences, changing the meaning as little as possible. Use the word in brackets.</p><p>I quite like him.1 I’m fond of him. (quite like)</p><p>2 I strongly dislike jazz. (stand)</p><p>3 Do you think Ethan is attractive? (fancy)</p><p>4 She likes rowing and golf. (keen)</p><p>5 I loathe very salty food. (bear)</p><p>6 His art attracts me. (appeal)</p><p>7 I find Gina very interesting. (fascinate)</p><p>8 She has totally charmed him. (captivate)</p><p>9 I’m dreading the exam. (look)</p><p>44.3 In each pair of sentences which person probably feels more strongly, a or b?</p><p>1 a He’s devoted to his sister. b He’s very fond of his sister. a</p><p>2 a I dislike his poetry. b I loathe his poetry.</p><p>3 a She’s yearning to see him. b She’s longing to see him.</p><p>4 a I’m not really looking forward to the exam. b I’m absolutely dreading the exam.</p><p>44.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake in the</p><p>sentence.appalled</p><p>1 I was appealed by the terrible conditions in the prison. They were simply inhuman.</p><p>2 I can’t bare selfish people. I dispose anyone who never considers others.</p><p>3 Her manner repealed me at first and I wouldn’t stand being in the same room as her, but now I’ve</p><p>begun to like her more.</p><p>4 I felt a strong desire of finding out what had happened to my old school friends.</p><p>5 Are you looking forward to start your new job?</p><p>6 I felt absolutely disgusting by his unkind remarks about Sylvia.</p><p>44.5 Over to you</p><p>Answer the questions.</p><p>1 What characteristics in people do you most detest?</p><p>2 Would you describe yourself as a caring person? In what ways do you show it?</p><p>3 What issues are you passionate about? Why?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 95</p><p>Speaking45</p><p>A Reporting verbs</p><p>We can use these verbs to report people’s speech and how they speak (including how loudly and what</p><p>their mood is).</p><p>verb loudness most likely mood</p><p>whisper very soft telling someone a secret*</p><p>murmur soft romantic or complaining</p><p>mumble soft (and unclear) nervous or insecure</p><p>mutter soft irritated</p><p>shout loud angry or excited</p><p>scream loud (usually without words) frightened or excited</p><p>shriek loud (and shrill) frightened or amused</p><p>stutter, stammer neutral nervous or excited**</p><p>*People also whisper in places where it would be impolite to speak loudly.</p><p>**Stuttering and stammering may also be the result of a speech impediment.</p><p>‘I’m sick of this. I’m going home,’ he muttered.</p><p>Suddenly, someone shouted ‘Help!’</p><p>She whispered that she was not happy with the way the meeting was going.</p><p>B Describing feelings</p><p>These verbs indicate the speaker’s feelings or intentions. (sb = someone, sth = something)</p><p>verb patterns feeling verb patterns feeling</p><p>boast to sb about sth proud of yourself complain to sb about sth displeased</p><p>insist on sth determined maintain that confident</p><p>unhappy with a</p><p>object to + -ing situation confess to + -ing repentant</p><p>threaten to do sth aggressive urge sb to do sth encouraging</p><p>argue with sb about sth not in agreement beg sb to do sth desperate</p><p>groan that despair, pain grumble about sth displeased</p><p>C Adverbs related to speech</p><p>To indicate someone’s feelings, you can use a speaking verb plus an adverb. For example,</p><p>‘He said anxiously.’ ‘She spoke angrily.’ This is common in written style.</p><p>If someone feels angry: angrily furiously bitterly</p><p>If someone feels unhappy: gloomily miserably sadly</p><p>If someone feels happy: happily cheerfully gladly hopefully</p><p>If someone feels worried: anxiously nervously desperately</p><p>Other useful adverbs: excitedly, impatiently, reluctantly, shyly.</p><p>Language help</p><p>Most of the verbs in B above can also be used with a that clause.</p><p>She boasted that she had scored 20 goals in one season.</p><p>He threatened (that) he would call the police.</p><p>96 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>45.1 Choose a verb from A opposite to fit the meaning of the sentences.</p><p>1 ‘Oh, noooooooooo!!!!!!’ she screamed / shrieked in absolute terror.</p><p>2 ‘Don’t look now, but Matt has just arrived,’ she in my ear.</p><p>3 ‘Joey! Come here at once!!’ his mother .</p><p>4 ‘I d-d-d-did it,’ he .</p><p>5 ‘I’m sick of this meeting. I’m going home,’ he .</p><p>6 ‘Oh, that’s so, so funny!’ she with laughter.</p><p>7 ‘There’s a spider!!!’ she .</p><p>8 ‘Stop ! I can’t hear what you’re saying,’ she said.</p><p>9 ‘I think we should leave now. It’s late,’ he quietly.</p><p>45.2 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>1 He always maintained a to cancel my parking permit.d</p><p>2 He groaned b not to leave, but I had to.</p><p>3 They threatened c on using recycled paper for everything.</p><p>4 She complained d that he could read people’s minds.</p><p>5 He begged me e that he needed a doctor immediately.</p><p>6 She insisted f about the noise coming from above.</p><p>45.3 Add a reporting verb and one of the adverbs from the box to each sentence. Where possible,</p><p>use reporting verbs from A.</p><p>angrily bitterly impatiently happily hopefully anxiously sadly excitedly</p><p>Milly ‘You must</p><p>to coin 3 a royal 4 a subtle</p><p>1.4 Write i by the words that are informal and f by those that are formal.</p><p>1 guys i</p><p>2 a minor</p><p>3 Awesome!</p><p>4 to alight (from a bus)</p><p>5 to feel gutted</p><p>6 a felon</p><p>7 to bug someone</p><p>8 to zone out</p><p>1.5 A student learnt each of these sets of words as a group. What is the unifying factor for</p><p>each group? Can you add one more word to each group?</p><p>1 king, queen, prince, princess royalty - duke</p><p>2 sunshade, shady, shadow, shade, to shadow, shadowy</p><p>3 articulate, communicate, convey, express, put across</p><p>4 noun, verb, adjective, adverb</p><p>5 subtle, comb, lamb, crumb, debt, plumber</p><p>1.6 Draw a picture to help you remember each of the following vocabulary items.</p><p>1 circle 2 to coin new words 3 screwdriver 4 to drip</p><p>1.7 Over to you</p><p>Look at the suggestions in D. Can you think of any other ideas to add to the list? Think about the ways</p><p>of learning vocabulary that you use now, and think about ways you could use more in the future.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 9</p><p>Study</p><p>unit 2 Organising a vocabulary notebook</p><p>A Organising words by meaning</p><p>Try dividing your notebook into different broad sections, with sections for words for feelings, words</p><p>to describe places, words for movement, words for thinking, etc.</p><p>Charts and tables of various kinds can help you organise your vocabulary. Here is an example for</p><p>words connected with music:</p><p>Instruments Types of music Verbs Related words</p><p>guitar</p><p>cello</p><p>piano</p><p>classical (not classic)</p><p>folk (not folkloric)</p><p>world</p><p>play</p><p>strum (a guitar)</p><p>perform</p><p>practice (n) practise (vb)</p><p>track</p><p>release (an album)</p><p>B Building networks of meaning</p><p>A network diagram is useful. It can grow in whatever direction you want it to.</p><p>THE WEB</p><p>unfriend</p><p>someone</p><p>upload</p><p>email post</p><p>junk mail spam</p><p>sign up tweet</p><p>download(verbs)</p><p>security</p><p>identity theft</p><p>virus password</p><p>social networks</p><p>surfing</p><p>homepage forward</p><p>pop-up</p><p>link</p><p>C Collocations and fixed phrases</p><p>It is important to know how a word combines with other words (its collocations).</p><p>Always record the common collocations of a word as you meet them, e.g.</p><p>win (prize, award, medal) earn (money, a high salary) gain (time, an advantage)</p><p>Where a word is often used in a fixed phrase, always record the whole phrase, e.g.</p><p>in a hurry out of touch to and fro now and again</p><p>D Synonyms and antonyms</p><p>When you find a synonym (same meaning) or an antonym (opposite meaning) of a word you already</p><p>have in your book, enter it next to that word with a few notes, e.g.</p><p>urban ≠ rural stop = cease (cease is very formal)</p><p>E Organising by word class</p><p>Make a note of the word class of a new word (whether it is a noun, verb, adjective, etc.). Record words</p><p>from the same word family together, e.g.</p><p>produce (verb or noun) product (noun) productive (adjective)</p><p>F Stress</p><p>Record where the stress falls on a multi-syllable word, especially if the stress changes between word</p><p>classes, e.g. produce (verb) produce (noun) productive (adjective)</p><p>Language help</p><p>Note any typical errors you make or which your teacher has mentioned.</p><p>10 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises 2 Study</p><p>unit</p><p>2.1 Organise the words into the topics below. Use a dictionary if necessary.</p><p>tabloid stress hang out with sb exhaustion podcast overwork</p><p>upload a video burnt out blogosphere journalist snowed under with work</p><p>casual acquaintance blog be close to sb count on sb be under pressure</p><p>topic words</p><p>working too much / too hard stress</p><p>friendship</p><p>media</p><p>2.2 Here is a list of words a learner of English made in a vocabulary notebook in class.</p><p>Organise them in a more efficient way, using the chart.</p><p>rush oversleep latecomer alarm clock set a clock deep sleep fast asleep</p><p>out of breath heavy sleeper in a hurry breathless nightmare dash yawn</p><p>exhausted</p><p>nouns verbs adjectives collocations fixed phrases</p><p>latecomer</p><p>2.3 Change the sentences using a synonym (S) or antonym (A) of the words in bold using</p><p>words from the box.</p><p>glad spicy deprive sb of sth shot dissatisfied chilly</p><p>1 I was pleased glad to hear you’d passed your exam. (S)</p><p>2 I got some excellent photos of the Grand Canyon on my trip to the US. (S)</p><p>3 She was happy with the conditions they offered her in the new job. (A)</p><p>4 The prisoners were supplied with food and medical care. (A)</p><p>5 I don’t like mild curries. (A)</p><p>6 It’s a cold day today. (S)</p><p>2.4 Fill in the missing word forms. Then mark the word stress for each item.</p><p>noun verb adjective person</p><p>perfection perfect perfect perfectionist</p><p>information inform</p><p>politics</p><p>economics *</p><p>* Give two adjectives.</p><p>2.5 Over to you</p><p>Think about your own learning style and which ways of organising vocabulary would work best</p><p>for you.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 11</p><p>Study</p><p>unit 3 Using your dictionary</p><p>A What a good dictionary tells you: the basics</p><p>A good learners’ dictionary (in book form or online) can tell you about:</p><p>• Pronunciation: this may mean learning some symbols which are different from the letters of</p><p>the English alphabet.</p><p>T th in thick ð th in then ʧ ch in church</p><p>S sh in she ʤ j in jam ʒ s in pleasure</p><p>ŋ ng in ring æ a in bad ɒ o in top</p><p>O: or in form ʊ u in put @ a in about</p><p>ʌ u in up ɜː ir in bird</p><p>• Word stress: often shown by a mark before the syllable to be stressed or by underlining or</p><p>bold type, e.g. /əd'venʧə/, /westən/, complicated.</p><p>• Usage: how a word is used and any special grammatical pattern that goes with it, e.g.</p><p>suggest + clause (not an infinitive) – I suggest you ring her right away.</p><p>(NOT I suggest you to ring her right away.)</p><p>B Additional information</p><p>• Synonyms (words of similar meaning) and antonyms (opposites), e.g. mislay and misplace</p><p>(synonyms), friend ≠ enemy/foe (antonyms).</p><p>• Collocations (how words go together), e.g. the adjective firm is often used in these</p><p>collocations: firm commitment, firm grip, firm believer.</p><p>• Whether a verb is transitive or intransitive: catch is transitive and must have an object,</p><p>e.g. He caught the ball and threw it back to me; laugh is intransitive and does not need an</p><p>object, e.g. She laughed when I told her the news.</p><p>• Whether a word is used for people and/or things. In this entry for the adjective hurtful in</p><p>the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary online,</p><p>we can see that hurtful can be used about what</p><p>someone says or about someone:</p><p>• Word class (often as abbreviations n noun, adj</p><p>adjective, etc.), and whether a noun is countable or</p><p>uncountable.</p><p>• Information about how words are related to one another through meaning. The Cambridge</p><p>Advanced Learner’s Dictionary online allows you to see a visual display of the networks of</p><p>meaning for a word, as in this display for the adjective fascinating. The Visual Thesaurus</p><p>shows related adjectives.</p><p>hurtful /ˈhɜːtfəl/ adjective</p><p>causing emotional pain:</p><p>That was a very hurtful remark!</p><p>How can you be so hurtful?</p><p>The adjectives are grouped</p><p>according to meaning. This</p><p>can be very useful when you</p><p>are writing. If you want to</p><p>vary your use of adjectives,</p><p>you can look up the related</p><p>adjectives to see which one(s)</p><p>most closely express(es) the</p><p>meaning you need.</p><p>enchanting</p><p>enthralling captivating</p><p>entrancing bewitching</p><p>fascinating</p><p>absorbing</p><p>riveting</p><p>engrossing gripping</p><p>12 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises 3 Study</p><p>unit</p><p>3.1 Pronunciation. What English words are these?</p><p>1 /edjʊˈkeɪʃən/ education</p><p>2 /ˈpɑːspɔːt/</p><p>3 /ˈliːnɪŋ/</p><p>4 /ˈlɪbəti/</p><p>5 /rəˈvɪʒən/</p><p>6 /ˈbrʌðə/</p><p>3.2 Underline the stressed syllable of these words. Check your answers in your dictionary.</p><p>1 unique 3 urgently 5 record ( verb) 7 extract ( noun)</p><p>2 elegant 4 eyebrow 6 thermometer 8 lifestyle</p><p>3.3 Look at the grammar patterns which the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary gives</p><p>for these words and then correct the sentences that follow.</p><p>1</p><p>supply /səˈplaɪ/ ▸ verb [T] to provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large</p><p>quantities and over a long period of time: Electrical power is supplied by underground cables. Ο</p><p>Three people have been arrested for supplying arms to the terrorists. The company has suppliedΟ</p><p>the royal family (= provided them with something they need) for</p><p>pay Andrew ‘I feel Leo ‘I will never</p><p>Petra ‘Oh wow!attention!’ much better forgive them for</p><p>I’ve just won a prizeMilly shouted angrily. today, thank what they did.’</p><p>in a competition!’you.’</p><p>Lily ‘This is our Anna ‘We mayKallum ‘Oh,Rory ‘I’m verylast day together. be lucky and thecome on! Doworried. She said sheI’ll miss you.’ rain might stop.’hurry up! Let’swould phone us.’</p><p>go! Now!’</p><p>45.4 Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in brackets.</p><p>1 Don’t exaggerate your talents to your friends. They’ll stop liking you. (boast)</p><p>Don't boast about your talents to your friends.</p><p>2 I’m not happy with having to sit on the floor. I paid for a seat. (object)</p><p>3 Stop being discontented with your job all the time. (grumble)</p><p>4 He talked about refusing to pay and calling the police. (threaten)</p><p>5 She asked if we would help her. (beg)</p><p>6 He admitted that he had broken the window. (confess) (two answers)</p><p>45.5 Answer the questions.</p><p>1 Which adverbs describe positive (P) feelings and which describe negative (N) feelings?</p><p>gloomily (N) miserably ( ) cheerfully ( ) desperately ( ) gladly ( )</p><p>2 Which prepositions usually follow: (a) object, (b) insist, (c) complain?</p><p>3 Which adverb means that someone does not want to do something?</p><p>4 What is the missing preposition? ‘Let’s be friends. I don’t want to argue you.’</p><p>5 How might someone speak at a job interview if they were not very confident?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 97</p><p>The six senses46</p><p>A The five senses</p><p>The five senses are sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. What is sometimes referred to as a ‘sixth</p><p>sense’ (or extrasensory perception) is a power to be aware of things independently of the five physical</p><p>senses - a kind of supernatural sense. The five verbs referring to the senses are modified by an</p><p>adjective rather than an adverb.</p><p>He looks dreadful. The trip sounds marvellous. The cake tastes good. It felt strange.</p><p>The soup smelt delicious.</p><p>B Sight</p><p>Yesterday I glanced out of the window and noticed</p><p>a policeman observing a house opposite through</p><p>binoculars. I thought I glimpsed a man inside the house.</p><p>Then I saw that there was a man peering into the window</p><p>of the same house. I gazed at them wondering what they</p><p>were doing. Suddenly the policeman stopped staring</p><p>through his binoculars. He went to arrest the other man</p><p>as he started to climb into the house through the window.</p><p>I realised that I had witnessed a crime.</p><p>C Hearing</p><p>Scale of loudness:</p><p>noiseless silent quiet noisy loud deafening</p><p>D Taste</p><p>sweet (honey) salty (crisps) bitter (strong coffee) sour (vinegar) spicy (Indian food)</p><p>If you say something tastes hot it may mean spicy rather than not cold. If a curry, say, is not</p><p>particularly hot, then it is mild. Food can be tasty, but tasteful refers to furnishings, architecture or a</p><p>style of dressing or behaviour. The opposite of both is tasteless.</p><p>E Touch</p><p>She poked me in the ribs with her elbow to wake me up. He stroked the cat and patted</p><p>the dog. She tapped him on the shoulder. He grasped my hand and we ran. She grabbed</p><p>her phone and ran to the bus stop. The thief snatched her handbag and disappeared into the</p><p>crowd. Press the button. Please handle the goods with great care.</p><p>F Smell</p><p>Here are some adjectives to describe smells:</p><p>Very unpleasant: stinking foul-smelling putrid musty [smelling unpleasantly old and slightly</p><p>damp] pungent [smelling very strong, often unpleasantly so]</p><p>Pleasant: fragrant aromatic sweet-smelling perfumed/scented</p><p>G Sixth sense</p><p>Different phenomena which a person with a sixth sense may experience:</p><p>telepathy [experiencing someone else’s feelings even though you are apart]</p><p>premonition [knowing something is going to happen before it occurs]</p><p>intuition [instinctive understanding]</p><p>déjà vu [an inexplicable feeling that you have already been somewhere or experienced something before]</p><p>98 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>46.1 Which of the verbs in the text in B opposite suggests looking in the following ways</p><p>1 as a crime or accident occurs? witness 4 quickly?</p><p>2 closely, finding it hard to make things 5 fixedly?</p><p>out? 6 at something but getting only</p><p>3 in a scientific kind of way? a brief view?</p><p>46.2 Are the following best described as sweet, salty, bitter, sour, spicy or hot?</p><p>1 strong, unsweetened coffee 3 chilli powder 5 Indian cooking</p><p>bitter 4 lime 6 sea water</p><p>2 chocolate cake</p><p>46.3 Which of the adjectives in F best describes for you the smell of the following?</p><p>aromatic1 herbs in a kitchen 5 a shed full of goats</p><p>2 old socks 6 a beauty salon</p><p>3 out-of-date eggs 7 a loft used for storage</p><p>4 roses 8 a skunk</p><p>46.4 Replace the underlined words with a more precise verb from the opposite page.</p><p>patted1 I touched the dog a few times. 6 He touched the cat affectionately.</p><p>2 He knocked lightly on the door.</p><p>3 She took my hand firmly. 7 The robber took the money and ran.</p><p>4 She put her face very close up to the window</p><p>so she could see better. 8 She picked up, carried and put down the boxes</p><p>5 Take care you don’t hit anyone in the eye with carefully.</p><p>your umbrella.</p><p>46.5 Make a sentence about the situations using any of these verbs - look, sound, taste, feel,</p><p>smell - plus an adjective.</p><p>1 You see a film about the Rocky Mountains. They look magnificent.</p><p>2 You come downstairs in the morning and smell fresh coffee.</p><p>3 A friend has just had her hair cut.</p><p>4 You hear the latest number one song.</p><p>5 A friend, an excellent cook, tries a new soup recipe.</p><p>6 A friend asks how you feel today.</p><p>7 A little boy asks you to listen to his first attempts at the piano.</p><p>8 You see a friend of yours with a very worried look on her face.</p><p>46.6 Write sentences using each of the nine verbs in bold in B in ways that illustrate their</p><p>specific meanings as clearly as possible.</p><p>EXAMPLE Laura hoped her boss wouldn't notice her glancing at her watch every few minutes.</p><p>46.7 Over to you</p><p>Answer these questions about yourself.</p><p>1 What’s your favourite smell?</p><p>2 Do you prefer a hot curry or a mild curry?</p><p>3 What materials do you like the feel of?</p><p>4 Do you believe that some people have a sixth sense?</p><p>5 Have you ever had a feeling of déjà vu?</p><p>6 Have you ever had a telepathic experience?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 99</p><p>What your body does47</p><p>Verbs connected with the mouth and breathingA</p><p>yawn: Why are you yawning? Are you feeling sleepy?</p><p>sneeze: Dust often makes me sneeze.</p><p>snore: He snored in his chair with his mouth wide open.</p><p>cough: It was so smoky in the room that he couldn’t stop coughing.</p><p>sigh: She sighed with relief when she heard the plane had landed safely.</p><p>be out of breath: I ran for the bus and now I’m out of breath!</p><p>take a deep breath: He took a deep breath and jumped into the water.</p><p>hold your breath: How long can you hold your breath underwater?</p><p>B Verbs connected with eating</p><p>chew: My granny used to say you should chew every mouthful ten times.</p><p>rumble: It’s embarrassing if your stomach rumbles during an interview.</p><p>swallow: Take a drink of water to help you swallow the pills.</p><p>suck: In an aeroplane, if you suck a sweet, it can stop your ears popping.</p><p>lick: The cat licked the bowl clean.</p><p>bite: Don’t bite that hard sweet - you’ll damage your teeth.</p><p>C Verbs connected with the eyes and face</p><p>wink: He winked at me across the room to try</p><p>to make me laugh.</p><p>frown: Why are you frowning? What’s the</p><p>problem? wink</p><p>grin: She was so delighted with the present grin</p><p>that she grinned from ear to ear.</p><p>blink: She blinked several times to try and get</p><p>the dust out of her eye.</p><p>blush: He blushed with embarrassment when she smiled</p><p>at him.</p><p>D Verbs connected with the whole body sweat</p><p>perspire/sweat /swet/: When it’s hot, you sweat/</p><p>perspire. (perspire is more formal)</p><p>shiver: Look at him! He’s so cold that he’s shivering!</p><p>tremble: My hands tremble when I’ve been drinking</p><p>too much coffee.</p><p>shake: She laughed so much that her whole body shook.</p><p>frown shiverLanguage help</p><p>All the verbs on this page (except shake and bite) are regular verbs; almost all the words have an</p><p>identical noun form: to yawn → a yawn, to cough → a cough /kɒf/ etc. (except to breathe /briːð/</p><p>and to perspire; their nouns are breath /breθ/ and perspiration).</p><p>100 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>47.1 Which of the words on the opposite page do these pictures illustrate?</p><p>1 blush 2 3 4 5</p><p>47.2 Complete the sentences with verbs from A opposite.</p><p>shivering1 I could see she was extremely cold because she was .</p><p>2 I sensed that he was feeling sad because he .</p><p>3 She couldn’t sleep all night because her husband was .</p><p>4 The fumes from all the cars and lorries were horrible and made me .</p><p>5 I knew I had caught a cold because I started .</p><p>6 The doctor examined my chest and asked me to .</p><p>7 Put your head underwater and see how many seconds you can .</p><p>8 We started running fast and soon we were both .</p><p>47.3 The Trubble family are at a restaurant and things are not going well. Fill the gaps with</p><p>verbs from B opposite.</p><p>MRS TRUBBLE: Where’s our food? My stomach is 1 rumbling . What slow service! Edward,</p><p>stop making that horrible noise with your drink! People are looking at us.</p><p>EDWARD: It’s my straw. It’s broken and I can’t 2 through it properly.</p><p>MR TRUBBLE: Ouch! I just 3 an olive and I’ve broken my tooth on the stone! Look!</p><p>MRS TRUBBLE: Mm. So ... where’s the stone?</p><p>MR TRUBBLE: Oh dear. I think I 4 it!</p><p>47.4 Find the word to match these definitions.</p><p>frown1 Draw the eyebrows together to express displeasure or puzzlement.</p><p>2 Crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so you can swallow it.</p><p>3 Your body makes small, quick movements because you are laughing so much.</p><p>4 Shut and open both eyes quickly.</p><p>5 Deliberately shut and open one eye.</p><p>6 Use your tongue to take in food (e.g. on an ice-cream cone).</p><p>47.5 Circle the correct word to complete the sentences.</p><p>1 We worked hard in the hot sun. Soon we were trembling / perspiring / shivering.</p><p>2 He seemed very amused. He was trembling / blushing / grinning.</p><p>3 She sucked / licked / bit the stamp and stuck it on the envelope.</p><p>4 I always find it difficult to swallow / suck / chew medicines.</p><p>5 It was so funny! I was just trembling / shaking / shivering with laughter!</p><p>6 The poor little animal was shivering / trembling / grinning with fear.</p><p>7 It was so hot and humid. Soon my shirt was soaked with perspire / perspiration / perspitation.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 101</p><p>Praising and criticising48</p><p>A Praising</p><p>You praise someone for something. The teacher praised the children for their hard work.</p><p>Highly praised is a common collocation. William’s acting in this film has been highly praised.</p><p>She plays the guitar brilliantly, just like her father. [very skilfully] He’s the very best, a really</p><p>first-rate / top-notch administrator. When it comes to grammar, she’s really on the ball. [quick to</p><p>understand] Ben has a way with foreign students. The other teachers envy him. [good at establishing</p><p>good relations / motivating them, etc.] Emma really has green fingers; look at those flowers! [good at</p><p>gardening] Let him do the talking; he’s got the gift of the gab. [good at talking]</p><p>Imogen is head and shoulders above the rest of the girls at maths. (usually used of people) / She’s</p><p>miles better than the other girls at maths. When it comes to technology, Japan is streets ahead</p><p>of most other countries. As far as sport is concerned, Sam is among the best in his class. [one</p><p>of the best; can also say among the worst / most interesting, etc.] That meal was just out of this</p><p>world. [outstanding/superb; usually used of things]</p><p>B Criticising</p><p>The verb criticise can mean: to say that someone or something is bad, e.g. Paige’s parents are always</p><p>criticising her appearance. Notice that it can also be used to mean: give an opinion or judgement</p><p>about a book or film, e.g. I belong to a writer’s group - we read and criticise each other’s work.</p><p>critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/</p><p>adjective NOT PLEASED</p><p>1 saying that someone or something is bad or wrong:</p><p>a critical report  The report is highly critical of safety standards at the factory.</p><p>adjective IMPORTANT</p><p>2 of the greatest importance to the way things might happen:</p><p>The President’s support is critical (to this project).  a critical decision</p><p>adjective GIVING OPINIONS</p><p>3 giving opinions or judgements on books, plays, films, etc.:</p><p>She has written a major critical appraisal/study of Saul Bellow’s novels.  His last film won/</p><p>received critical acclaim (= was praised by film critics).</p><p>adjective SERIOUS</p><p>4 extremely serious or dangerous:</p><p>Both drivers are critical / in a critical condition (= so badly hurt that they might die) after the</p><p>120 mph crash.</p><p>The adverb critically can relate to any of these four meanings of ‘critical’ although the following are</p><p>the most frequent uses:</p><p>critically important (meaning 2), critically acclaimed (meaning 3), critically ill (meaning 4)</p><p>Note these idiomatic synonyms of the verb to criticise (with its meaning of saying something is bad):</p><p>You shouldn’t run down your own country when you’re abroad. Why do you always have to pick</p><p>holes in everything I say?</p><p>Here are some criticisms of people:</p><p>I think Antonio’s being totally absurd. [ridiculous] You are undoubtedly at fault / to blame and</p><p>you should apologise. [you are in the wrong] She thinks she’s the cat’s whiskers /ˈwɪskəz/ / the</p><p>bee’s knees. [thinks she’s wonderful] When it comes to time-keeping, he’s the world’s worst.</p><p>[no one is worse] Jack is so rude. He really takes the biscuit. [is a striking example of some negative</p><p>quality] Jo wants to have her cake and eat it! [wants everything with no contribution from her side]</p><p>102 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>48.1 Which expressions from the opposite page might these pictures help you to remember?</p><p>have your cake1 2 3 4 5</p><p>and eat it</p><p>48.2 Using the word in brackets and an expression from A opposite, rewrite the sentence</p><p>without changing the meaning.</p><p>1 The hotel we were staying in was absolutely superb. (world)</p><p>The hotel we were staying in was out of this world.</p><p>2 Giovanni is a long way above the other kids when it comes to doing hard sums. (shoulders)</p><p>3 Maria is very good with young children - they always love her. (way)</p><p>4 You’re a long way ahead of me in understanding all this new technology; I’m impressed. (streets)</p><p>5 Hassan is great at chess. (brilliantly)</p><p>6 Agata is a very fluent and confident speaker. (gab)</p><p>48.3 Which of the expressions in 48.1 is most suitable for completing each sentence if</p><p>you want to:</p><p>really takes the biscuit!1 say someone’s behaviour is extremely annoying? What Jack said</p><p>2 say that someone is quick to understand? Tanya is usually</p><p>3 say someone has a very high opinion of themselves? Rajiv thinks</p><p>4 praise someone’s gardening skills? Marek</p><p>5 comment on someone who wants to buy a new car but keep all their savings too? Unfortunately,</p><p>you</p><p>48.4 Answer these questions.</p><p>It's serious.1 If someone is critically injured, is their injury minor or serious?</p><p>2 If your teacher asks you to write a review criticising a film you’ve recently seen, does she want you</p><p>only to write about its negative aspects?</p><p>3 If a father is critical of his son’s behaviour, does he approve or disapprove of it?</p><p>4 If someone says that it is ‘critically important’ that you complete a piece of work by a specific</p><p>deadline, how flexible is that deadline?</p><p>5 If several people are said to be in a critical condition after an accident, are doctors worried or not</p><p>particularly worried about them?</p><p>48.5 Write the opposite meaning to these sentences using expressions from the opposite page.</p><p>1 He’s a third-rate athlete. He’s a first-rate / top-notch athlete.</p><p>2 I don’t understand why Sophie has such a low opinion of herself.</p><p>3 When it comes to sport, Andrey is one of the best in his school.</p><p>4 Greta was not responsible for the error in the accounting figures.</p><p>5 He is no good at talking to people at all.</p><p>6 Mick doesn’t get on with the secretaries; just look at how they react when he wants something done.</p><p>7 He often says how wonderful his school is.</p><p>8 She always praises everything I say.49</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 103</p><p>Emotions and moods49</p><p>In this unit</p><p>we focus on fixed expressions describing various emotions. You may not need to use them</p><p>often yourself, but you need to understand them when you read or hear them.</p><p>Positive feelings, moods and statesA</p><p>Maria seems to be on cloud nine these days. [extremely pleased/happy]</p><p>Everyone seemed to be in high spirits. [lively, enjoying things]</p><p>She seems to be keeping her chin up. [happy despite bad things]</p><p>Jo’s as happy as Larry / as happy as can be. [extremely content]</p><p>Negative feelings, moods and statesB</p><p>He had a long face. [looked depressed/sad]</p><p>She certainly looked down in the dumps. [looked depressed/sad]</p><p>Zac is in a bad mood. [a bad mood/temper]</p><p>Martin was like a bear with a sore head. [extremely irritable] (See Unit 97.)</p><p>Alice threw a wobbly the other day. [became extremely angry and upset]</p><p>C Physical feelings and states</p><p>I’m feeling done in. [exhausted]</p><p>You’re looking a bit under the weather. [not very well / ill]</p><p>She looked, and felt, on top form. [in good physical condition]</p><p>I suddenly felt my head was spinning. [unable to balance, feel as if you will</p><p>fall over]</p><p>I was almost at death’s door last week! [very sick/ill]</p><p>Old Nora’s as fit as a fiddle. [very fit indeed]</p><p>D Fear/fright</p><p>She was scared stiff. [very scared]</p><p>She frightened the life out of him. [frightened him a lot]</p><p>We were all shaking in our boots/shoes. [trembling with fear]</p><p>The poor lad was scared out of his wits. [very scared indeed]</p><p>I jumped out of my skin when I heard the bang. [gave a big jump]</p><p>E Other expressions for actions and feelings</p><p>Capricorn (21.12-19.1) Taurus (21.4-20.5)</p><p>Don't get carried If someone says</p><p>away1 by promises something that makes</p><p>not kept. Keep a cool you swell with pride5</p><p>head2 and take everything as and feel on top of the world6,</p><p>it comes3. On the work front, enjoy the moment!</p><p>things are looking up4.</p><p>1 get too excited 2 stay calm 3 deal calmly with events as they happen 4 improving</p><p>5 feel proud / very pleased because of something good that you did 6 very happy indeed</p><p>Language help</p><p>There is often an element of exaggeration in these expressions. They make quite strong</p><p>comments on the situation and often lighten the tone of what you are saying. So use them</p><p>only in informal situations.</p><p>104 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>49.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right to make fixed expressions.</p><p>c1 Imogen was on a her chin up.</p><p>2 Michaela was in b a bear with a sore head.</p><p>3 Anna kept c cloud nine.</p><p>4 Lily was as d a bad mood.</p><p>5 Kathy was like e a wobbly.</p><p>6 Rosie threw f happy as the day is long.</p><p>49.2 Complete the fixed expressions from A and B opposite.</p><p>1 Has something good happened? You all seem in high spirits .</p><p>2 What’s the matter? You’ve got a long .</p><p>3 As long as he has his car to work on, he’s as happy .</p><p>4 It’s been an awful day! No wonder everyone is in a .</p><p>5 Has something bad happened? You look down .</p><p>49.3 Read the comments and then answer the questions.</p><p>Andrea ‘I felt as if I</p><p>Mark ‘I’ve never felt so Lidia ‘I was just not feeling couldn’t keep my balance</p><p>terrified in my life.’ very well yesterday.’ and was about to fall.’</p><p>Krishnan ‘I’ve been Karen ‘I’ve gone to theLars ‘I was very illfeeling really well gym every day this monthindeed last week.’recently.’ and I can feel the results.’</p><p>comment name</p><p>1 Who was feeling under the weather? Lidia</p><p>2 Who is probably as fit as a fiddle?</p><p>3 Who was scared out of their wits?</p><p>4 Who was at death’s door?</p><p>5 Whose head was spinning?</p><p>6 Who is feeling on top form?</p><p>49.4 Use fixed expressions to rewrite the words in bold.</p><p>1 I gave a sudden jump when he fired the gun. jumped out of my skin</p><p>2 I think you should not panic and just be patient.</p><p>3 He scared me very much when he came in wearing that ghost mask!</p><p>4 Everyone was trembling with fear when they saw the door open all by itself.</p><p>5 I was very scared before I did the bungee jump, but it was OK.</p><p>6 She felt very proud indeed as her daughter received the gold medal.</p><p>7 I think I got too excited by the idea of joining a rock band. It’s actually very hard work!</p><p>8 I try to just deal with events in a calm way as they happen.</p><p>49.5 Over to you</p><p>Write sentences about yourself.</p><p>1 Describe a situation or event which would make you feel on top of the world.</p><p>2 Which of the expressions in C opposite best describe(s) your state at the moment?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 105</p><p>Commenting on problematic situations50</p><p>A Types of problems and difficulties</p><p>There are many words for different types of</p><p>The earthquake was a dreadful disaster for the</p><p>difficulties. Chaos is a state of total confusion,</p><p>country. The transport system was in chaos for</p><p>where there is no order at all. A disaster is an</p><p>some time afterwards. The government were</p><p>event which causes great harm or damage. If you</p><p>faced with a dilemma: start reconstruction</p><p>are facing a dilemma or are in a dilemma you</p><p>work at once or wait until the likelihood of</p><p>are in a situation where you have to make</p><p>aftershocks had passed.</p><p>a difficult decision between two things.</p><p>to be in a fix = be in a difficult situation to be in a tight corner = be in a situation that is hard to</p><p>get out of to be in a muddle = be confused / mixed up</p><p>The word challenge puts a positive slant on a problem situation in that it focuses on the fact that it</p><p>needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person’s</p><p>ability.</p><p>B Specific difficulties</p><p>You can be badly affected1 by all sorts of things, from those that are mildly irritating2 to the</p><p>intensely annoying3.</p><p>1 things can have a negative impact on you 2 slightly annoying 3 extremely annoying</p><p>Your plans may be disrupted. [prevented from continuing as intended]</p><p>Negotiations or a building may collapse. [fail because of a lack of support]</p><p>You can be deprived of something you value. [have something taken away from you]</p><p>Someone’s heart can be broken. [made extremely sad]</p><p>Your life may lack something that you would like. [not have (enough of) something]</p><p>The nouns related to the words in this section are effect, irritant or irritation, annoyance,</p><p>disruption, collapse, deprivation, heartbreak and lack.</p><p>Idioms about dealing with problems and difficultiesC</p><p>to take a back seat [not to do anything; let others act instead] ≠ to take the bull by the horns</p><p>[act positively to face and attack the problem]</p><p>to stir things up [do/say things that make the situation worse] ≠ to pour oil on troubled waters</p><p>[do/say things that calm the situation down]</p><p>I can’t face (the thought of) clearing up all this mess today. [don’t want to deal with]</p><p>I thought it would be best just to lay my cards on the table. [state exactly what my position is]</p><p>This has to be done by next week; we must get our act together before it’s too late. [organise</p><p>ourselves to respond; infml]</p><p>We need a proper investigation to get to the bottom of things. [find the true explanation]</p><p>It’s quite difficult to get people to sit up and take notice. [make them pay attention]</p><p>I’m trying to get a grasp of what’s happening; it’s not easy. [find out / understand]</p><p>Idioms relating to changes in problem situationsD</p><p>The tide has turned for us; better days are ahead.</p><p>We can see the light at the end of the tunnel at last. [see that a difficult situation may be ending soon]</p><p>I’m afraid we’ve just come to a dead end with our plans.</p><p>I think I’ve reached a turning point in my career.</p><p>The government and the unions have buried the hatchet for the time being. [made peace / stopped</p><p>fighting each other]</p><p>All that trouble last year was just swept under the carpet in the end. [ignored / deliberately forgotten,</p><p>without solving it]</p><p>106 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>50.1 Choose the best word from A opposite to complete these sentences.</p><p>1 Can you help Grandpa fill out that form? It’s so long and complicated that he’s getting in a bit</p><p>muddle .of a</p><p>2 The manager told his staff that he didn’t want to hear the word ‘problems’, but rather they should talk</p><p>about .</p><p>3 After the earthquake, city transport</p><p>was in .</p><p>4 I wonder if you could help me out - I’m in a bit of a tight .</p><p>5 Should I take the job in New York or the one in Sydney? It’s quite a .</p><p>6 The floods are the worst natural the country has experienced this century.</p><p>50.2 Match the sentence beginnings with the words on the right and add a preposition to</p><p>complete the sentence.</p><p>on c1 Ben decided he would immediately lay his cards. a troubled waters.</p><p>2 The best thing to do is just to take the bull b her life.</p><p>3 Fortunately we can now see the light at the end c the table.</p><p>4 It’ll take ages before we can get to the bottom d a dead end.</p><p>5 It’s asking for trouble to sweep things e the horns.</p><p>6 You can always rely on Naomi to pour oil f things.</p><p>7 At the moment my research seems to have come g the tunnel.</p><p>8 Claire has now reached a turning point h the carpet.</p><p>50.3 Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets.</p><p>1 The snow caused serious disruption to trains in the region. (disrupted)</p><p>Trains in the region were seriously disrupted by the snow.</p><p>2 I don’t want to drive home in all this traffic. (face)</p><p>3 Keira doesn’t seem to have much confidence. (lacking)</p><p>4 Unfortunately, the project doesn’t seem to be getting anywhere at the moment. (dead)</p><p>5 Sleep deprivation can cause health and other problems. (deprived)</p><p>6 Paula was profoundly affected by her meeting with Angus. (effect)</p><p>50.4 Choose suitable idioms from C and D to fill the gaps.</p><p>1 Selim’s business has been going through hard times but he feels at last the tide has turned</p><p>2 No, please, don’t say anything: you’ll only</p><p>3 It’s been a long, hard struggle, but I think finally we can</p><p>4 The police are trying their best to , but it’s still a real mystery at the</p><p>moment.</p><p>5 You’ve been messing around achieving nothing for too long; it’s time you !</p><p>6 At last I’ve managed to get him to ; he’s paid no attention at all to us</p><p>so far.</p><p>7 I found it hard to understand thermodynamics at first but I’m beginning to</p><p>it now.</p><p>8 I think I’ll just and let everyone else get on with sorting matters out.</p><p>9 I wish you and John wouldn’t argue so much. Can’t you once and for all?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 107</p><p>Number, quantity, degree and intensity51</p><p>A Number and quantity</p><p>Number is used for countable nouns (e.g. a large number of students), amount for uncountable nouns</p><p>(e.g. a large amount of money).</p><p>Some adjectives for expressing number and quantity:</p><p>smaller bigger</p><p>minute /maɪnjuːt/</p><p>average significant excessive vast</p><p>tiny considerable substantial enormous</p><p>Even minute amounts of toxic material can be dangerous. (fml)</p><p>Add just a tiny amount of chilli pepper, or else it may get too hot.</p><p>Were there many people at the airport? Oh, about average, I’d say. (fairly informal)</p><p>A considerable number of people failed to get tickets. (fml)</p><p>A significant number of students have dropped out of university in the last year.</p><p>[noticeably large]</p><p>Substantial amounts of money have been wasted on this project. (fml)</p><p>There is an excessive amount of sugar in many soft drinks. [too much; rather formal]</p><p>A vast / An enormous quantity of sand was blown on to the road during the storm.</p><p>Informal words for number/quantityB</p><p>I’ve got dozens of nails in my tool box. [a dozen is 12; dozens of means many; especially used for</p><p>countables]</p><p>Scores of people were injured when the gas tank exploded. [a score is 20 or about 20; scores of means a</p><p>large number of; usually formal]</p><p>There’s heaps/bags/loads of time yet, slow down! (usually with singular there is, not there are; countable</p><p>or uncountable; infml)</p><p>There was absolutely tons of food at the party – far too much. (again, note singular there was; especially</p><p>used for things, not so often used for abstract nouns)</p><p>There are tons of apples on this tree this year – last year there were hardly any.</p><p>(Note: The verb here is plural because of ‘apples’, but singular in the example before with ‘food’ – number</p><p>depends on the noun following, not on tons/lots/loads.)</p><p>Just a drop of milk for me, please. [tiny amount of any liquid]</p><p>Degree and intensity: collocations with utter(ly), total(ly), whollyC</p><p>Utter(ly), total(ly) and wholly mean complete(ly).</p><p>Utter combines with ‘strong’ nouns like nonsense, contempt, silence, confusion, chaos</p><p>and despair.</p><p>There was utter chaos during the transport strike.</p><p>Utterly combines with adjectives such as ridiculous, confused and impossible.</p><p>I was utterly confused by the instruction manual that came with my camcorder!</p><p>Total combines most often with disbelief and ban, e.g. She looked at him in total disbelief. The</p><p>government introduced a total ban on smoking in public places.</p><p>Totally combines most often with different, unexpected, unsuitable and wrong, e.g.</p><p>The two brothers have totally different personalities.</p><p>Wholly combines most often with dependent, inadequate and unacceptable, e.g.</p><p>The success of the project was wholly dependent on the weather.</p><p>108 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>51.1 Complete the sentences with words from A opposite.</p><p>onsiderable1 It takes a c amount of time to learn to ski well.</p><p>2 A s quantity of food is thrown away every day by supermarkets. It’s a scandal. (two</p><p>possible answers)</p><p>3 The scientists found only a m amount of the chemical in the food and said it was safe</p><p>to eat.</p><p>4 We ate an e amount of food at dinner last night! (two possible answers)</p><p>5 V amounts of money are wasted by government departments every year.</p><p>6 The number of students registering for our courses is about a for the autumn semester.</p><p>7 A t amount of water had got into the keyboard and it stopped working.</p><p>8 Last year we didn’t really notice an increase in prices, but this year the increase has been</p><p>s .</p><p>51.2 Use words from A to fill the gaps. More than one answer may be possible.</p><p>1 Even a tiny / minute amount of sand can damage a camera.</p><p>2 I’ve had an absolutely amount of work lately. I’m exhausted!</p><p>3 Oh, you’ve given me a amount of food here! I mustn’t eat too much.</p><p>4 It takes a amount of money to start a business.</p><p>5 An amount of fat in your diet is dangerous.</p><p>51.3 Circle the most suitable answer. More than one may be correct.</p><p>1 Tons / Scores / Bags of people came on to the streets to hear his speech.</p><p>2 We’ve got loads / scores / dozens of time. The train doesn’t leave till 2.30.</p><p>3 There was / were tons of food left over after the dinner party.</p><p>4 I’ve got heap / loads / dozens of CDs that I never play any more.</p><p>5 There was / were dozens of people waiting outside the building.</p><p>51.4 Using intensifiers from C, write what you could say in the following situations.</p><p>1 You thought someone’s views were completely ridiculous. His/Her views were utterly ridiculous.</p><p>2 You read two novels by the same author which were completely different.</p><p>3 You thought someone’s behaviour was completely unacceptable.</p><p>4 You thought a particular way of working produced chaos.</p><p>5 You listened to someone’s story and did not believe a word of it.</p><p>6 You think there should be a complete ban on using mobile phones in cinemas.</p><p>51.5 Over to you</p><p>Write sentences that are true for you using these collocations:</p><p>wholly dependent utterly confused totally unexpected utter nonsense</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 109</p><p>Numbers and shapes52</p><p>A Pronunciation of numbers</p><p>Notice how we say the following:</p><p>28% twenty-eight per cent 10m × 12m ten metres by twelve metres</p><p>12/3 one and two thirds 4/5 four fifths 9/13 nine thirteenths / nine over thirteen</p><p>42 four squared 73 seven cubed 84 eight to the power of four</p><p>10.3 ten point three 32°C or F thirty-two degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit</p><p>Decimal fractions are separated by a dot and not a comma in English and this is pronounced point.</p><p>Note how commas are used to separate each set of three numbers in long numbers:</p><p>1,623,457 = one million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand, four hundred and fifty-seven.</p><p>Telephone numbers are usually said like this: 01223 20675 = oh one double two three, two oh six,</p><p>seven five.</p><p>Language help</p><p>When saying a long number, you pronounce each set of up to three digits separately with rising</p><p>intonation, until the last set, where the intonation falls at the end to make it clear that the number</p><p>is complete.</p><p>B Two-dimensional shapes</p><p>rectanglecircle pentagon triangle</p><p>square octagon oval</p><p>The corresponding adjectives are: circular, pentagonal, rectangular, triangular, square,</p><p>octagonal, oval.</p><p>A rectangle has four right angles. A pentagon has five sides.</p><p>A circle is cut in half by its diameter. Its two halves can be called semi-circles.</p><p>The radius of a circle is the distance from its centre to the circumference.</p><p>C Three-dimensional shapes</p><p>sphere cube pyramid spiral</p><p>The corresponding adjectives are: spherical, cubic, pyramidal, spiral.</p><p>The two halves of a sphere can be called hemispheres.</p><p>D Arithmetic</p><p>+ addition – subtraction × multiplication ÷ division</p><p>3z2x + 3y – z = Two x plus three y minus z equals three z divided by four x or three z over four x4x</p><p>6 × 7 = 42 Six times / multiplied by seven is forty-two or six sevens are</p><p>forty-two</p><p>110 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>52.1 Write the following in words rather than in figures or symbols.</p><p>1 17.1% of adults have false teeth. Seventeen point one per cent of adults …</p><p>2 According to a UN study, 2% of the world’s population owns over 1/2 of all household wealth.</p><p>3 0°C = 32°F</p><p>4 This article says that 8,556,981 people are currently living in London.</p><p>52.2 How good at maths are you? Try this numbers quiz. Write the answers in words rather</p><p>than figures.</p><p>1 What is seven times nine? sixty-three</p><p>2 Name two shapes that have four right angles.</p><p>3 Subtract 41 from 93.</p><p>4 What is three fifths of twenty?</p><p>5 How many sides has an octagon?</p><p>6 What is one third of ninety-nine?</p><p>7 What is three squared?</p><p>8 What is four cubed?</p><p>52.3 Complete this table.</p><p>description name of shape adjective</p><p>shape with four sides of equal length and four right angles square square</p><p>round shape</p><p>shape with three sides</p><p>shape with eight sides</p><p>shaped a bit like an egg</p><p>three-dimensional round shape</p><p>three-dimensional square shape</p><p>52.4 Correct the mistakes in how the numbers are said in these sentences.</p><p>1 32 = 9 Three square equals nine. Three squared equals nine.</p><p>2 46.6% Oxygen accounts for forty-six comma six per cent of the earth’s crust.</p><p>3 7 × 9 = 63 Seven nine are sixty-three.</p><p>4 18o C The temperature today is eighteen points Celsius.</p><p>5 3m × 6m My bedroom is three multiplied by six metres.</p><p>6 69 What is six at the power of nine?</p><p>7 11/16 Eleven sixteens of the students passed the exam.</p><p>8 2/3 × 53 = 831/3 Two third times five cubes is eighty-three and three third.</p><p>52.5 Draw the following shapes.</p><p>1 A circle with its diameter indicated.</p><p>2 A right-angled triangle with two equal sides of about two centimetres in length.</p><p>Draw a small circle at the centre of the triangle and then draw lines from the centre</p><p>of the circle to each of the angles of the triangle.</p><p>3 A rectangle with diagonal lines joining opposite angles.</p><p>4 An octagon with equal sides. Draw an oval in the middle of the octagon.</p><p>5 A cube of roughly 3cm by 3cm by 3cm.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 111</p><p>Time53</p><p>Periods of time – words and typical contextsA</p><p>the Ice Age the Stone Age the Middle Ages the computer age</p><p>[major historical/geological periods]</p><p>After the war, a new era of stability began. [long period, perhaps several decades]</p><p>A spell of hot weather [indefinite but short period] He’s had a couple of spells in hospital in the last</p><p>two or three years.</p><p>The city went through several stages of development to become what it is today. [period of</p><p>development or particular time in a process]</p><p>Most teenagers go through a phase of being lazy. [a period which is part of a longer period; phase can</p><p>also mean the same as stage]</p><p>B Useful expressions with time</p><p>During the 1980s I lived in Barcelona for a time. [vague, indefinite period]</p><p>The doctor says you should stay in bed for the time being. [for now, not specific]</p><p>She can get a bit bad-tempered at times. [occasionally / now and then]</p><p>By the time we get home this pizza will be cold! (Note: followed by present tense, not future with will)</p><p>I’m not in regular contact with her; I just send her an email from time to time. [sometimes but not often]</p><p>One at a time, please! I can’t deal with you all together.</p><p>We arrived just in time to hear the Prime Minister’s speech. [at the right time / with enough time to do</p><p>something]</p><p>Our plane was on time and she was waiting for us at the airport. [punctual / neither early nor late]</p><p>I’ve told you time and time again not to ring me at the office! [many times; very emphatic and usually in</p><p>negative contexts]</p><p>The city has changed a great deal over the course of time / over the course of the last two</p><p>centuries. (used about long periods of time)</p><p>Verbs associated with time passingC</p><p>2002 → 2012 Ten years had elapsed since they last saw each other. (normally used in the perfect or past,</p><p>without adverbs; fml)</p><p>Time seems to fly as you get older. [pass very quickly]</p><p>This film lasts for three hours.</p><p>The meeting went on / dragged on for two hours. (suggests longer than expected or desired;</p><p>drag on is stronger)</p><p>Adjectives describing duration (how long something lasts)D</p><p>There was a momentary loss of electrical power and the data was lost. [very brief]</p><p>I just got a fleeting glimpse of the President as his car drove past. [very short and quick]</p><p>Venice has a timeless beauty.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>Don’t confuse in time and on time. In time means with enough time to do something or at the right</p><p>time. On time means punctual, neither early nor late.</p><p>We got there just in time for dinner.</p><p>I expect she will be late - the trains are never on time.</p><p>112 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>53.1 Fill the gaps with age, era, period, spell, phase or stage.</p><p>period1 The Minister said that before the new law came into force there would be a of six</p><p>months when people could hand in firearms without being prosecuted.</p><p>2 The last two decades of the twentieth century will be seen by historians as the beginning of the</p><p>computer .</p><p>3 The new university will be built in three , beginning with the opening of the science</p><p>faculty in 2015.</p><p>4 These factories mark the beginning of a new of industrial development for the country.</p><p>5 My son went through a of not wanting to go to school when he was about nine or ten.</p><p>6 We had a very cold in February. All the water pipes froze up.</p><p>53.2 Complete the sentences.</p><p>Over course1 the of a century, from 1900 to 2000, the population grew steadily.</p><p>2 The lecture / for almost three hours and everyone was totally bored.</p><p>(two answers)</p><p>3 The archaeologists discovered some tools which dated from the Stone .</p><p>4 Time seems to when you’re enjoying yourself.</p><p>5 A period of seven years between the two earthquakes.</p><p>6 Shakespeare’s plays have a quality - they never grow old.</p><p>7 It was just a visit. She only stayed for about ten minutes.</p><p>8 There was a pause as the official considered her answer. Then she said</p><p>she would try to help us.</p><p>53.3 Which phrases from B could you use in the following situations? Write exactly what you</p><p>might say.</p><p>1 To a child who leaves the fridge door open</p><p>despite being told off often.</p><p>I've told you time and time again not to leave the fridge</p><p>door open!</p><p>2 To someone you’re happy to see who arrives just</p><p>as you are serving tea/coffee.</p><p>3 On a birthday card you expect will arrive at</p><p>someone’s address after you arrive in</p><p>New York.</p><p>4 A large group of people want to talk to you but</p><p>you’d prefer to see them individually.</p><p>5 Ask someone to use an old computer while the</p><p>new one is being repaired.</p><p>6 Tell someone you’ll do your best to arrive punctually at a meeting.</p><p>7 Explain to someone that the weather can be very hot in your city occasionally.</p><p>8 Tell someone you enjoy a game of tennis sometimes but not often.</p><p>53.4 Over to you</p><p>Your country/culture may have names for important periods of its history (for example, British people</p><p>often refer to the years 1840-1900 as the ‘Victorian era/period’ because the monarch at the time was</p><p>Queen Victoria). Make a list in English of important historical</p><p>periods from your culture.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 113</p><p>Distances and dimensions54</p><p>A Broad and wide and tall and high</p><p>Wide is more common than broad, e.g. It’s a very wide road/garden/room.</p><p>Make a note of typical collocations for broad as you meet them, e.g. Economics is a very broad</p><p>subject. We came to a broad expanse of grassland. [big area]</p><p>Note the word order for dimensions, e.g. The room’s five metres long and four wide.</p><p>Don’t forget that tall is for people but can be used for things such as buildings and trees when they</p><p>are high and thin in some way. Otherwise, use high for things.</p><p>She’s very tall for a five-year-old.</p><p>Her office is in that tall building in the square.</p><p>There are some high mountains in the North.</p><p>B Deep ≠ shallow</p><p>The deep and shallow ends of a swimming pool.</p><p>Derived words, phrases and compoundsC</p><p>long Let’s measure the length /leŋθ/ of this rope.</p><p>I swam 20 lengths (of the swimming pool).</p><p>I’ve lengthened her skirt for her. [opp = shorten, see below]</p><p>Getting a visa can be a lengthy process. (usually refers to time; rather negative)</p><p>Tony has got a job as a long-distance lorry driver.</p><p>short The new road will shorten our journey by ten minutes.</p><p>There’s a shortcut to the station. [quick way]</p><p>wide Let’s measure the width /wɪdθ/ of the room.</p><p>They’re widening the road.</p><p>broad I want to broaden my experience. (usually more abstract contexts)</p><p>She’s very broad-minded and tolerant of others. [willing to accept other people’s behaviour and</p><p>beliefs; opp = narrow-minded]</p><p>I admire the breadth of his knowledge. (usually more abstract concepts)</p><p>high The height /haɪt/ of the wall is two metres.</p><p>The fog heightened the feeling of mystery. (usually used only for feelings and emotions)</p><p>low You can lower the microphone if it’s too high. [opp = raise]</p><p>far He loves travelling to faraway places. [a long way away = distant]</p><p>distant What’s the distance from Helsinki to St Petersburg? [= How far is it …?]</p><p>deep The depth of the river here is about three metres.</p><p>His death so soon after hers deepened our sadness. (often with feelings)</p><p>Other verbs for dimensions and for changing themD</p><p>Our garden stretches all the way to the river, so we have plenty of room to extend the house if we</p><p>want to.</p><p>The cities are spreading and the countryside is shrinking. [getting bigger; getting smaller]</p><p>The business expanded considerably in the last decade. [grew in size; opp = contract]</p><p>114 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>54.1 Complete B’s replies using a suitable form of the dimension/distance words opposite and</p><p>any other necessary words.</p><p>1 A: These trousers I’ve bought are too long.</p><p>them shortened?B: Well, why don’t you get</p><p>2 A: He’s a big boy, isn’t he? 1.90 metres!</p><p>B: Yes, he’s .</p><p>3 A: Why are we going across the field?</p><p>B: Just to get there a bit quicker; it’s .</p><p>4 A: We’ll have to measure how high the room is.</p><p>B: That’s not necessary; we already know the .</p><p>5 A: The traffic seems to move far quicker on this road since I was last here.</p><p>B: Yes, well, they .</p><p>6 A: Why do they have music on TV news programmes? It seems totally unnecessary!</p><p>B: Well, I think they want to create a feeling of drama, and the music</p><p>is supposed to .</p><p>54.2 Give opposites for:</p><p>1 a length of the pool a width of the pool 4 a local call 7 narrow-minded</p><p>2 to shorten 5 deep water 8 raise your hand</p><p>3 a very broad range of goods 6 nearby places</p><p>54.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>c1 The city’s spread a lot; a for miles along the river.</p><p>2 It takes ten weeks; b you should broaden it.</p><p>3 We extended the house c it’s much bigger now.</p><p>4 You can choose; d there’s a wide range.</p><p>5 Your experience is too narrow; e it’s a lengthy business.</p><p>6 The forest stretches f to give us more room.</p><p>Use the verbs in the box to fill the gaps.54.4</p><p>spread expand extend stretch shrink contract</p><p>1 I’ll spread the rug out on the grass so we can both sit on it.</p><p>2 The steel industry when the economy was strong, but now it has and</p><p>only employs 8,000 people.</p><p>3 This sweater of mine has in the wash!</p><p>4 Our land as far as those trees there.</p><p>5 The arts centre has recently its opening hours.</p><p>54.5 Fill in the prepositions. If you are unsure, try looking up the word distance in a dictionary.</p><p>at1 The car was parked a distance about 150 metres from the scene of the robbery.</p><p>2 I saw you the distance yesterday but didn’t call out as you were with someone.</p><p>3 She’s a great shot. She can hit an empty can a distance of about 100 feet.</p><p>4 What’s the total distance here Paris?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 115</p><p>Obligation, need, possibility and probability55</p><p>A Obligation</p><p>You will be liable /ˈlaɪəbl/ for any damage when you rent</p><p>a car. [obliged to pay; fml/legalistic]</p><p>The company is obliged to give a refund if the tour is</p><p>cancelled.</p><p>The bank robbers forced him at gunpoint to open the safe.</p><p>We had no choice/alternative but to sell our house; we</p><p>owed the bank £100,000.</p><p>The death sentence is mandatory /ˈmændətəri/ for drug-</p><p>smuggling in some countries. [automatic; there is no alternative]</p><p>Was sport compulsory/obligatory at your school? No, it</p><p>was optional. [you can choose]</p><p>I am exempt from paying income tax as I’m a student. [free from obligation]</p><p>B Need</p><p>This plant is in need of water. (more formal than ‘needs/wants’)</p><p>There’s a need for more discussion on the matter. [we feel a need; fml]</p><p>There is a shortage of teachers. [there are not enough]</p><p>She could not concentrate through lack of sleep. [she had none or not</p><p>enough; fml]</p><p>A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the countryside and there is no</p><p>public transport. [something you must have] You just can’t do without one.</p><p>[survive or live without]</p><p>What are the requirements for a Master’s course in English? [things you</p><p>must do or need]</p><p>C Possibilities</p><p>I’ve been given an opportunity to work in Berlin. [a real chance]</p><p>Is there any chance/possibility you’ll be free next week? (chance is less formal than possibility)</p><p>A rise in oil prices is inevitable as oil supplies run out across the world. [is certain to happen]</p><p>It is doubtful whether the economy will improve next year. [it may not improve]</p><p>It is probable that the next government will change the tax laws.</p><p>Most scientists believe that climate change is no longer just a possibility but is now an absolute</p><p>certainty.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>The correct preposition after the noun need is for, not of. There is a need for more qualified teachers.</p><p>(NOT There is a need of ...)</p><p>116 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>55.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>e1 The club closed down a of repairs and redecoration.</p><p>2 People could not heat their homes b for university entry on the website.</p><p>3 Most people cannot do c because of the oil shortage.</p><p>4 There is a real need d for better day care for young children.</p><p>5 There is a list of requirements e through lack of interest.</p><p>6 The whole house is in need f without a mobile phone these days.</p><p>55.2 Continue the sentences using obligation words and phrases from A opposite with the</p><p>words in brackets.</p><p>was forced/obliged to close down.1 They were losing £10 million a year, so the company</p><p>(close down)</p><p>2 You don’t have to buy the travel insurance; it’s</p><p>(extra charge)</p><p>3 You can borrow the camcorder, but you will</p><p>(for any damage to it)</p><p>4 We’ll have to sell the house. I’m afraid we have</p><p>(otherwise, bankrupt)</p><p>5 He didn’t want to give them the money, but they had guns; they</p><p>(hand it over)</p><p>6 No, he couldn’t choose to pay a fine; a prison sentence is</p><p>(for dangerous driving)</p><p>7 I didn’t want to do maths, but I had to. It’s</p><p>(in all secondary schools)</p><p>8 If you’re unemployed, you’re (paying tax)</p><p>55.3 Answer the questions.</p><p>1 If a fee or charge is mandatory, do you have to pay it or can you choose? You have to pay it.</p><p>2 If an event is inevitable, how certain is it that it will happen? 20%, 50% or 100%?</p><p>3 If a car is exempt from tax, how much tax do you have to pay for it?</p><p>4 If an exam is optional, are you obliged</p><p>to take it?</p><p>5 If you are liable for something, is it your or someone else’s responsibility?</p><p>55.4 Rewrite the words in bold using expressions from the opposite page.</p><p>1 Most people consider that a mobile phone is not a luxury but something you absolutely must have.</p><p>an absolute necessity / something you can't do without</p><p>2 I have been given a chance to work with a team of zoologists in East Africa.</p><p>3 Is there any chance that you will be free to join us at 4 pm tomorrow?</p><p>4 It’s not at all sure whether there will be any change in the situation in the near future.</p><p>5 It’s not just a possibility that food prices will go up, it’s absolutely certain to happen.</p><p>6 She will probably arrive tomorrow.</p><p>55.5 Over to you</p><p>Name something which …</p><p>1 you think is inevitable.</p><p>2 there is a need for in your country.</p><p>3 was compulsory when you were at school.</p><p>4 you personally are in need of right now.</p><p>5 you own that you couldn’t do without.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 117</p><p>Sound and light56</p><p>A General words to describe sound</p><p>I could hear the sound of voices/music coming from the next room. (neutral)</p><p>The noise of the traffic here is pretty bad. [loud, unpleasant sounds]</p><p>The children are making a terrible racket upstairs. Could you go and tell them to be quiet? [very loud,</p><p>unbearable noise, often of human activity; infml]</p><p>Sound and noise can both be countable or uncountable. When they are of short duration or refer</p><p>to different sounds/noises, they are countable. When they mean a lot of continual or continuous</p><p>sounds, they are uncountable.</p><p>I heard some strange sounds/noises in the night. (countable)</p><p>I wish the children wouldn’t make so much noise when I’m working. (uncountable)</p><p>The sound of the sea is very relaxing. (uncountable)</p><p>B Sound words and things that typically make them</p><p>All the words in this section can be used as nouns or verbs.</p><p>I could hear the rain pattering on the roof. We heard the patter of a little child’s feet.</p><p>verb/noun example(s) of what makes the sound</p><p>bang a door closing in the wind, a balloon bursting</p><p>chime a big public clock on a building sounding the hour</p><p>clang a big bell ringing, a hollow metal object being struck</p><p>clatter a metal pan falling onto a concrete floor</p><p>crash a big, solid, heavy object falling onto a hard floor</p><p>hiss gas/steam escaping through a small hole</p><p>hum an electrical appliance when switched on, e.g. computer, freezer</p><p>rattle small stones in a tin being shaken</p><p>ring a small bell, a telephone</p><p>roar /rO:/ noise of heavy traffic, noise of a huge waterfall</p><p>rumble distant noise of thunder, noise of traffic far away</p><p>rustle /ˈrʌsəl/ opening a paper/plastic bag, dry leaves underfoot</p><p>screech a car’s tyres when the brakes are suddenly applied</p><p>thud a heavy object falling onto a carpeted floor</p><p>C Darkness</p><p>Here are some adjectives for dark conditions. (For adjectives describing brightness, see Unit 59.)</p><p>These brown walls are a bit gloomy. We should paint them white.</p><p>This torch is getting a bit dim. I think it needs new batteries.</p><p>It was a sombre /ˈsɒmbə/ room with dark, heavy curtains. [serious, imposing]</p><p>D Types of light</p><p>Note these collocations.</p><p>A torch gives out a beam of light. A diamond ring sparkles.</p><p>A camera gives a flash of light. Stars twinkle. A candle flame</p><p>flickers in the breeze. White-hot coal on a fire glows.</p><p>The sun shines and gives out rays of light. A gold object glitters.</p><p>Language help</p><p>Many of the words relating to darkness and light can be used about people’s expressions too. Light</p><p>suggests happiness and darkness suggests unhappiness. Kate’s face was glowing with pleasure.</p><p>Dan looks very gloomy. Has he had some bad news?</p><p>118 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>56.1 Choose sound, noise(s) or racket to fill the gaps. You may use the words more than once.</p><p>sound1 I could sit and listen to the of the river all day.</p><p>2 There was a terrible outside the pub last night; it was a fight involving</p><p>about six people.</p><p>3 My car’s making some strange . I’ll have to have it checked.</p><p>4 Oh! What an awful ! I think you should take up a different instrument;</p><p>the violin’s just not for you!</p><p>5 I can’t sleep if there’s of any kind, so I use ear-plugs.</p><p>56.2 Using the table in B opposite, what sound do you think each of these might make?</p><p>1 A bottle of sparkling mineral water being opened. hiss</p><p>2 A box of saucepans being dropped down an iron staircase.</p><p>3 A mouse moving among dead grass and leaves.</p><p>4 A child falling over on a wooden floor.</p><p>5 A starting gun for a sporting event.</p><p>6 A train passing at high speed a few feet away from you.</p><p>7 A slow train passing, heard through the walls of a house.</p><p>8 A car coming to a halt very suddenly.</p><p>56.3 Choose the best word from the box to complete each sentence. Put it in the correct form.</p><p>chime clang hum patter rattle ring</p><p>rattled1 I woke up when a small earth tremor the cups on the table.</p><p>2 I can hear my mobile - I think it must be at the bottom of my bag.</p><p>3 It’s cosy indoors with the rain on the windows.</p><p>4 We live in the country but can still always hear a of traffic from the road</p><p>across the fields.</p><p>5 I couldn’t sleep last night and heard the clock on the town hall every hour.</p><p>6 Joe the metal gate behind him as he left the garden.</p><p>56.4 Pair up the sentences on the left with the ones on the right so they make sense.</p><p>1 I saw a beam of light coming towards me. b a Then it died, leaving us in complete</p><p>darkness.</p><p>2 The jewels sparkled in the sunlight. b It was a police officer holding a flashlamp.</p><p>3 The candle began to flicker uncertainly. c But blacks and greys do suit her.</p><p>4 The first rays of the sun shone into the room. d I’d never seen such a beautiful bracelet.</p><p>5 She always wears rather sombre clothes. e As we got nearer we realised it was a</p><p>bush.</p><p>6 We could see a dim shape in the fog. f It was clearly time to get up.</p><p>56.5 Which do you think is the correct meaning of the underlined words in these sentences?</p><p>a1 Her eyes were shining as she told me her news.</p><p>a looked full of happiness b looked angry c looked afraid</p><p>2 Jessica glowed all through her pregnancy.</p><p>a looked rather worried b looked pale c looked very happy</p><p>3 She beamed at him.</p><p>a smiled b shouted c attacked</p><p>4 He has a twinkle in his eyes.</p><p>a a grain of sand b a sign of humour/enjoyment c a sign of anger</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 119</p><p>Possession and giving57</p><p>A Possession</p><p>All his possessions were destroyed in the terrible fire. [everything he owned]</p><p>Don’t leave any of your belongings here; we’ve had a few thefts recently. [smaller things, e.g. bag,</p><p>camera, coat; always plural]</p><p>Estate in the singular can mean a big area of private land and the buildings on it, or all of someone’s</p><p>wealth upon death.</p><p>They live on a housing estate / an estate. [area containing a large number of houses or apartments built</p><p>close together at the same time]</p><p>She owns a huge estate in Scotland. [land, etc.]</p><p>After his death, his estate was calculated at 10 million euros. [all his wealth]</p><p>Property (uncountable) is used in a general sense for houses, land, etc.</p><p>He’s only 14; he’s too young to own property.</p><p>A property (countable) is a building (e.g. house, office block) or land.</p><p>She owns some valuable properties in the town centre.</p><p>Words for people connected with ownershipB</p><p>The proprietor /prəˈpraɪətə/ of this restaurant is a friend of mine. (used for shops, businesses, etc.; fml;</p><p>owner is less formal)</p><p>The landlord/landlady has put the rent up. [owner of rented property]</p><p>Do you own this house? No, we’re just tenants. [we rent it]</p><p>He inherited a big house in the country when his parents died. [became the owner after someone’s death]</p><p>C Giving Would you like to</p><p>The river provides the village with water / provides contribute/donate</p><p>water for the village. (or supplies) something to the</p><p>Jakes Ltd supplies our school with paper and other children’s hospital</p><p>items. (often for ‘selling’ contexts) fund?</p><p>It gives me pleasure to present you with this gift from</p><p>us all.</p><p>His parents supported him while he was at college</p><p>but now he’s independent.</p><p>The school restaurant caters</p><p>for 500 people every day.</p><p>[looks after the needs of]</p><p>That uncle of mine that died left £3,000 to an animal</p><p>shelter.</p><p>When she died she donated all her books to the library.</p><p>(for large gifts to institutions)</p><p>I’m running a marathon next week for a cancer charity.</p><p>Will you sponsor me? [give money if I complete the race] You’ve been allocated room 24.</p><p>Here’s your key.</p><p>Phrasal verbs connected with givingD</p><p>When I left the job I had to hand over the keys to my office to the new person.</p><p>I didn’t really want to let go of my bike but I had no money so I had to sell it.</p><p>The people from the charity handed out / gave out stickers for everyone to wear. [distributed]</p><p>I had a banjo once, but I gave it away. [gave it free to someone]</p><p>This vase has been handed down from generation to generation in my family.</p><p>120 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>57.1 Complete the missing words from A opposite.</p><p>1 He became a multi-millionaire and bought a huge estate in the country.</p><p>2 Some of the p in this street have sold for more than five million euros this year.</p><p>3 I left some of my b in the changing room at the gym and they were stolen.</p><p>4 On his death, Mr Carson’s e was valued at £400,000.</p><p>5 She sold all her p and travelled around the world for a year.</p><p>6 It’s often difficult for young couples to buy p and they have to rent a place instead.</p><p>57.2 The verbs in the middle column have been jumbled. Put them in the right sentences.</p><p>donated1 A millionaire inherited his entire library to the school.</p><p>2 The director was supported the best parking place.</p><p>3 My mother’s cousin donated me £5,000 in her will.</p><p>4 A farmer nearby catered us with logs for the fire.</p><p>5 When I retired they left me with a camera.</p><p>6 The restaurant allocated for vegetarians.</p><p>7 My parents presented me when I was out of work.</p><p>8 The oldest son supplied the house when his father died.</p><p>57.3 What questions using words from B and C opposite do you think were asked to get these answers?</p><p>1 Are you the owner/proprietor of this restaurant?</p><p>No, I’m not the owner. I just work here as a waiter.</p><p>2 ?</p><p>Yes, he became the owner when his aunt died. It’s a massive house.</p><p>3 ?</p><p>OK, I’ll give you one euro for every kilometre you run.</p><p>4 ?</p><p>Yes, that’s right. I pay rent every month.</p><p>5 ?</p><p>Actually, I’ve already given something. Sorry.</p><p>6 ?</p><p>No, I’m sorry, we don’t. You have to buy your own pens and exercise books.</p><p>57.4 The rise and fall of Mr Fatcatt - a sad story. Fill the gaps with suitable words from the</p><p>opposite page.</p><p>propertiesToby Fatcatt began his career by buying old 1 in the city when prices were low.</p><p>Soon he was one of the biggest private 2 in the city, with around 1,000</p><p>3 renting houses and flats from him. He was also the 4 of</p><p>many shops and businesses. He became very rich and bought himself a huge 5</p><p>in Scotland, but then there was an economic crisis and he had to sell all his 6</p><p>and 7 - everything. He was left with just a few personal 8 and</p><p>finally died penniless.</p><p>57.5 Over to you</p><p>Think of something that …</p><p>1 you would hand over to a mugger if threatened.</p><p>2 has been handed down in your family.</p><p>3 you have given away at some time in your life.</p><p>4 is often given out in classrooms.</p><p>5 you value and would not want to let go of.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 121</p><p>Movement and speed58</p><p>A Particular types of movement</p><p>Move is the basic verb for all movement, but don’t forget it also means ‘to move to a new house/flat’,</p><p>e.g. We’ve moved. Do you want our new address?</p><p>Cars, lorries, etc. travel/drive along roads.</p><p>Trains travel along rails.</p><p>Boats/ships sail on rivers / across the sea.</p><p>Rivers/streams flow/run through towns/villages.</p><p>Things often have particular verbs associated with their types of movement. You should learn</p><p>these as typical collocations when you meet them, and record them with a phrase or sentence,</p><p>for example:</p><p>The car swerved /swɜːvd / to avoid a dog which had</p><p>run into the road. [moved suddenly to the side]</p><p>White clouds drifted across the sky. [moved slowly]</p><p>The flag fluttered in the wind. [moved gently from</p><p>side to side]</p><p>The leaves stirred /stɜːd/ in the light breeze.</p><p>[moved slightly]</p><p>The trees swayed back and forth as the wind grew</p><p>stronger. [moved slowly from side to side]</p><p>Verbs to describe fast and slow movementB</p><p>The traffic was crawling along because of the roadworks. [moving very slowly]</p><p>Stop dawdling! /ˈdɔːdlɪŋ/ We’ll be late! [moving more slowly than is necessary]</p><p>Suddenly a car came round the bend and tore along the road at high speed.</p><p>Seconds later, a police car shot past after it.</p><p>Everyone was hurrying/rushing to get their shopping done before closing time.</p><p>The train was just creeping along at about 20 miles per hour. I knew we’d be late.</p><p>[moving very slowly]</p><p>The donkey was plodding along the road. [plodding suggests heavy, often tired, movement]</p><p>The plane was cruising at a height of 30,000 metres. [travelling at a steady speed]</p><p>Nouns to describe speed and their typical contextsC</p><p>speed is a general word used for vehicles, developments, changes, etc., e.g. We were travelling at</p><p>high speed.</p><p>rate is often used in statistical contexts; the rate of increase/decrease, e.g. The birth rate is going</p><p>down.</p><p>pace shows how you experience something as happening fast or slow, e.g. The lesson was going at a</p><p>very slow pace.</p><p>velocity /vəˈlɒsɪti / is used in technical/scientific contexts, e.g. The velocity of a moving object.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>We say at a speed/rate/pace. (NOT in or with a speed/rate/pace)</p><p>The train was travelling at a speed of 120 kph. (NOT The train was travelling with a speed of 120 kph.)</p><p>122 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>58.1 Pair up the sentences on the left with the ones on the right so they make sense.</p><p>c1 That tree was swaying back and forth a It sails at dawn.</p><p>in the wind.</p><p>2 The cruise liner is leaving tomorrow. b It flows through the capital city.</p><p>3 A cat ran out in front of my car. c It was moving so much I thought it would break</p><p>altogether.</p><p>4 The most famous river in France is d It was travelling at 160 kph at the time.</p><p>the Seine.</p><p>5 A train came off the rails yesterday. e I had to swerve hard and nearly ended up in the</p><p>river.</p><p>58.2 What other things do you think could be described by each verb apart from the contexts</p><p>given opposite? Use a dictionary, if necessary.</p><p>someone dancing, someone walking on a ship in a rough sea, someone who's drunk1 sway: a tree,</p><p>2 crawl: traffic,</p><p>3 shoot: a car,</p><p>4 flutter: a flag,</p><p>5 drift: a cloud,</p><p>58.3 Fill the gaps with speed, rate, pace or velocity. Use the guidelines opposite to help you.</p><p>1 The rate of decline in this species is alarming.</p><p>2 I just couldn’t stand the of life in the city, so I moved to a small village.</p><p>3 The teacher asked the students to calculate the of a series of objects dropped from a</p><p>specific height.</p><p>4 A: What were you doing at the time? B: Oh, about 60 kph, I’d say.</p><p>5 The company is showing an impressive of growth.</p><p>58.4 Correct the error in each sentence.</p><p>crept</p><p>1 Pierre creeped down the stairs making as little noise as possible.</p><p>2 We were making progress but only in a very slow pace.</p><p>3 The baby stired but didn’t wake up.</p><p>4 The old man swerved a little but didn’t fall over.</p><p>5 Trains can travel with a much faster speed than buses.</p><p>58.5 Use a dictionary to make notes to help you learn the difference between these near</p><p>synonyms. Make notes under the headings usage and grammar, as in the example.</p><p>usage grammar</p><p>fast e.g. fast car / fast train - refers to speed adjective and adverb - 'she drove fast'</p><p>quick</p><p>rapid</p><p>swift</p><p>58.6 Over to you</p><p>In what situations might you …</p><p>1 tear out of the house? 4 not even dare to stir?</p><p>2 deliberately dawdle? 5 shoot past someone’s office/room?</p><p>3 plod along at a steady pace? 6 creep around the house?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 123</p><p>Texture, brightness, weight and density59</p><p>A Texture - how something feels when you touch it</p><p>adjective typical examples</p><p>smooth /smuːð/ the paper in this book</p><p>polished varnished wood; a shiny metal surface</p><p>silky silk itself; fine, expensive</p><p>tights or stockings</p><p>slippery a fish just out of the water</p><p>furry /ˈfɜːri/ a thick sheepskin rug</p><p>rough /rʌf/ new, unwashed denim jeans; bark of a tree</p><p>coarse /kɔːs/ sand</p><p>jagged /ˈʤægɪd/ sharp, irregular edges of broken glass or metal</p><p>prickly a thistle; a cactus; thorns on a rose</p><p>Your hair has a silky feel. This cotton is very smooth to the touch. The table had a beautiful polished</p><p>surface. /ˈsɜːfɪs/ The ground was rough underfoot.</p><p>B Brightness</p><p>a shady corner of the garden carnival costumes full of vivid colours</p><p>a dazzling lightshiny leather shoes</p><p>You wear such dull colours - why don’t you start wearing bright colours for a change?</p><p>The light’s too dim to read in here. We need another lamp.</p><p>I wear sunglasses when I drive because of the glare of the sun.</p><p>C Density and weight</p><p>A solid≠hollow object. She has thick≠ thin/fine hair.</p><p>An area with dense≠ sparse vegetation.</p><p>Your bag’s as light as a feather! Have you brought enough clothes?</p><p>Your bag’s as heavy as lead! What’s in it? Bricks?</p><p>This suitcase is very bulky/cumbersome. /ˈkʌmbəsəm/ [difficult, big and heavy]</p><p>124 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>59.1 Which adjectives from A opposite could describe the texture of these things?</p><p>1 A new cotton T-shirt. smooth</p><p>2 Heavy, stone-ground wholemeal flour.</p><p>3 A wet bar of soap.</p><p>4 The branches of a rose bush.</p><p>5 A gravel pathway.</p><p>6 The inside of a pair of sheepskin gloves.</p><p>7 The edge of a piece of broken, rusty metal.</p><p>8 The surface of a mirror.</p><p>9 A silk scarf.</p><p>10 An empty sack.</p><p>59.2 Rewrite the sentences. Look at the words in bold and follow the instructions in brackets.</p><p>The material had a metallic feel.1 The material felt metallic. (change to noun)</p><p>2 The cloth was rough when you touched it. (change to noun)</p><p>3 We sat in a part of the garden where there was shade. (change to adjective)</p><p>4 Suddenly there was a light which dazzled everyone. (change to adjective)</p><p>5 The ground was very wet under our feet. (change to adverb)</p><p>6 My suitcase weighs very little. (use feather)</p><p>59.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>e1 We walked through the jungle vegetation, a which was hollow.</p><p>2 We found it inside an old tree, b which was absolutely solid.</p><p>3 We loved the new colour, c which was as heavy as lead.</p><p>4 We examined the desert vegetation, d which was very vivid.</p><p>5 We tried to drill into the rock, e which was very dense.</p><p>6 We couldn’t lift the box, f which was very sparse.</p><p>59.4 What could you do if …</p><p>1 your reading lamp was rather dim? get a brighter one</p><p>2 you were fed up with the dull colour of the walls in your room?</p><p>3 you found the glare of the sun uncomfortable?</p><p>4 you wanted your shoes to be shiny?</p><p>5 your rucksack was too bulky or cumbersome?</p><p>59.5 Over to you</p><p>Look round your own home and find …</p><p>1 something soft to the touch. 4 something furry.</p><p>2 something rough underfoot. 5 something smooth.</p><p>3 something with a polished surface.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 125</p><p>Success, failure and difficulty60</p><p>A Succeeding</p><p>We succeeded in persuading a lot of people to join our protest. (in + -ing)</p><p>I managed to contact him just before he left his office.</p><p>I don’t think I can manage the whole walk. I think I’ll turn back. (manage, but not</p><p>succeed; may have a direct object in this meaning)</p><p>We’ve achieved /@'tSi:vd/ / accomplished /əˈkɒmplɪʃt/ a great deal in the last year.</p><p>(both are used with quantity phrases such as ‘a lot’ and ‘a little’; accomplish is rather formal)</p><p>The company has achieved all its goals/aims/targets for this year. (achieve is more common than</p><p>accomplish with nouns expressing goals and ambitions)</p><p>Do you think his plan will come off? [succeed; infml]</p><p>Here is a matrix for some typical collocations with ‘succeeding’ verbs:</p><p>reach attain secure realise fulfil achieve</p><p>an ambition ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓</p><p>a dream ✓ ✓</p><p>an agreement ✓ ✓</p><p>an obligation ✓ ✓</p><p>a target ✓ ✓ ✓</p><p>a compromise ✓</p><p>B Failing and difficulty</p><p>Plans and projects sometimes go wrong / backfire. [don’t go as intended]</p><p>Companies, clubs and societies often fold / go under through lack of success. [close down; go under is</p><p>informal]</p><p>A plan or project may falter /ˈfɒltə/, even if it finally succeeds. [have ups and downs]</p><p>All your plans and hard work / efforts may come to nothing.</p><p>I have great difficulty (in) getting up in the morning.</p><p>I find it difficult to remember the names of everybody in the class. (hard can also be used here;</p><p>it is more informal)</p><p>It’s hard/difficult to hear what she’s saying.</p><p>I often have trouble starting the car on cold mornings. (more informal)</p><p>We’ve had a lot of bother with the neighbours lately. (very informal)</p><p>Can you cope with three more students? They’ve just arrived. [deal successfully with a difficult situation]</p><p>I’ve got no money and my girlfriend’s left me. I need help; I can’t cope any more.</p><p>C Word formation</p><p>verb noun adjective adverb</p><p>succeed success successful successfully</p><p>accomplish accomplishment accomplished -</p><p>achieve achievement achievable -</p><p>attain attainment attainable -</p><p>fulfil fulfilment fulfilling -</p><p>harden hardness hard hard</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>Izzy had great difficulty finding somewhere to live in London. (NOT difficulties)</p><p>Paul had considerable success with his first novel. (NOT successes)</p><p>126 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>60.1 Choose a suitable verb to fill the gaps. If the exact word in the sentence is not in the</p><p>vertical column of the matrix on the opposite page, look for something that is close in</p><p>meaning. More than one verb is often possible.</p><p>reached1 The management have a no-strike agreement with the union.</p><p>2 Now I’ve all my family responsibilities, I can retire and travel the world.</p><p>3 The school building fund has failed to its target of £250,000.</p><p>4 I never thought I would my ambition, but now I have.</p><p>5 Very few people all their hopes and dreams in life.</p><p>6 We hope the two sides a compromise and avoid war.</p><p>7 I’m afraid that little plan of mine didn’t off.</p><p>60.2 Fill in the missing word forms where they exist.</p><p>verb noun adjective</p><p>realise realisation</p><p>difficulty</p><p>target</p><p>fail</p><p>trouble</p><p>Correct the mistakes in these sentences.60.3</p><p>it</p><p>1 I find very difficult to understand English idioms.</p><p>2 She succeeded to rise to the top of her profession.</p><p>3 Do you ever have any trouble to use this photocopier? I always seem to.</p><p>4 I’ve accomplished to work quite hard this last month.</p><p>5 I’m amazed that you can cope all the work they give you.</p><p>6 Did you have many difficulties finding the book in the library?</p><p>7 Unfortunately, it seems as if all Johnny’s plans have come at nothing.</p><p>8 I’m afraid I haven’t had any successes in contacting Lara today.</p><p>60.4 In what sorts of situations would you hear the following remarks?</p><p>1 We’ll have to get an au 2 I can’t believe it — £5,000. 3 It went under, I’m</p><p>pair. I just can’t cope. The company folded and now afraid, and he’s</p><p>I’ve got nothing to show for it! bankrupt now.</p><p>You would probably hear it</p><p>from a parent who is finding</p><p>it too difficult to combine work</p><p>and family life.</p><p>5 Yes, her plan came off</p><p>4 You can’t manage all even though the odds</p><p>that. Let me help you. were really against her.</p><p>60.5 Over to you</p><p>What would you do if …</p><p>1 you were having a lot of bother with your car?</p><p>2 you started a small business but it came to nothing?</p><p>3 you couldn’t cope with your English studies?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 127</p><p>Time: connecting words and expressions61</p><p>A One thing before another</p><p>I had written to her prior to meeting the committee. (formal/written style)</p><p>It was nice to be in Venice. Previously I’d only been to Rome. (fairly formal, more informal would be</p><p>Before that, I …)</p><p>I was in the office from 2.30. I was out earlier on. [before then; fairly informal]</p><p>The street is now called Treetop Avenue. Formerly it was Hedge Lane. (fairly formal, typically written;</p><p>used when something has changed its name, state, etc.)</p><p>Dinner will be ready in about an hour. In the meantime / Meanwhile, relax and have a drink.</p><p>[between now and the time of the meal]</p><p>Things happening at the same timeB</p><p>She was entering (at) the very time / the very moment I was leaving. (these two are stronger and more</p><p>precise than as or just as)</p><p>The two events happened simultaneously. [started and ended at exactly the same time]</p><p>During the war, she lived in Dublin. Throughout the war, they remained in the city.</p><p>Language help</p><p>During does not specify how long within a period of time. Throughout means from the beginning</p><p>to the end of a period of time.</p><p>C One thing after another</p><p>Read this personal statement by someone hoping to work for an international corporation in China.</p><p>The words in bold are rather formal.</p><p>Following1 my first visit to Beijing, I read several books about China and subsequently2 decided</p><p>to take a six-month course in Mandarin Chinese. I revisited China on several occasions thereafter3</p><p>and now feel that I have a good knowledge of the country and its culture.</p><p>1 after 2 at some time after that 3 after finishing the course</p><p>Note also immediate (adjective), e.g. The government removed the price regulations and the</p><p>immediate result was a 10% price rise. [which happened at once]</p><p>D Time when</p><p>The moment / The minute I saw his face I knew I’d met him before.</p><p>I stayed in that hospital the time (that) I broke my leg.</p><p>I met Paula at Mark’s wedding. On that occasion she was with a different man. (more formal)</p><p>E Non-specific time expressions</p><p>We can discuss the budget now. At a later stage we can discuss the detailed arrangements.</p><p>At some point we will have to replace our computers, but we’re OK for the moment.</p><p>[at an unspecified time in the future]</p><p>128 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>61.1 Look at these pages from the personal diary of Laura, a businesswoman who travels a</p><p>lot, and then do the exercise.</p><p>Mon Paris – day 5 – Pompidou Centre Up early. Said goodbye to Nick and Fri</p><p>12 then theatre. left. Saw bad accident on motorway. 16</p><p>Tue Been away 6 days! Paris OK, but Answered all the emails, then felt Sat</p><p>13 miss home. I could watch TV! 17</p><p>Wed Left Paris 10 am. Huge pile of Lots of phone calls - Kate, Ellie Sun</p><p>14 emails waiting! and George all in a row! Lazy day! 18</p><p>Thu Manchester, then Glasgow. Met Book tickets for Dublin 24th Notes</p><p>15 Manuela at Nick’s.</p><p>Fill the gaps with time expressions from A and B opposite. You are given the first letter.</p><p>1 Prior to going to Manchester, Laura was in Paris.</p><p>2 Her next trip after Glasgow is to Dublin on the 24th. I t m ,</p><p>she can relax at home.</p><p>3 She was away for a week. S , she had lots of emails to deal with.</p><p>4 She was in Glasgow on the 15th. E o , she had been in Manchester.</p><p>5 She went to the theatre in Paris on Monday. P t that, she had been to the</p><p>Pompidou Centre.</p><p>6 F her visit to Nick, she saw a bad accident on the motorway.</p><p>7 On Sunday, she had a lot of phone calls d the day.</p><p>8 The m she put the phone down it rang again. This time it was George.</p><p>61.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words or phrases from opposite.</p><p>an immediate reply1 I emailed James and got a reply straight away.</p><p>2 I will contact you at a time I can’t specify to arrange to get together to discuss things.</p><p>3 The two committees were meeting at exactly the same time.</p><p>4 I was living in Budapest when I was offered the job in Paris.</p><p>Read the comments and then answer the questions.61.3</p><p>Liba ‘I wasGunilla ‘I was in Edward ‘I was Kim ‘At the Josep ‘I visitedin Athens inOslo throughout in Athens for a very time I Hamburg; at a</p><p>October, butthe summer. week, then in was in Rome, later stage I went</p><p>I didn’t seeJosep visited me Rome for two Edward was to Berlin.’</p><p>Edward on thatduring that time.’ weeks thereafter.’ in Rome.’</p><p>occasion.’</p><p>Kim and Edward1 Which two people were in the same place at the same time?</p><p>2 Did Liba see Edward when she was in Athens? Yes/No</p><p>3 Did Gunilla spend part of the summer or all summer in Oslo?</p><p>4 Where did Josep go first – Berlin or Hamburg?</p><p>5 How many weeks in total did Edward spend in Athens and Rome?</p><p>6 Did Josep spend the whole summer in Oslo or probably just part of it?</p><p>61.4 Over to you</p><p>Complete the sentences so they are true for you.</p><p>1 The moment I wake up, I 3 I’m doing vocabulary right now. Earlier on, I was</p><p>2 Throughout my childhood I 4 Prior to going on holiday, I always</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 129</p><p>62 Condition</p><p>A Words connecting sentence parts</p><p>In addition to if, there are several other words and phrases for expressing condition.</p><p>1 You can’t come in unless you have a ticket. 2 You can borrow the bike on condition that</p><p>[… if you do not have a ticket] you return it by five o’clock.</p><p>3 In case of fire, dial 112. [When there is …; usually seen on notices; you can also say in the event of]</p><p>4 You can stay, as/so long as you don’t mind sleeping on the sofa. (as long as is less formal than so long as</p><p>and less formal and not so strong as on condition that)</p><p>5 Provided/Providing you don’t mind cats, you can stay with us. (providing (that) or provided (that) can</p><p>also be used in examples 2 and 4; they are less formal and not so strong as on condition that but stronger and</p><p>more restricting than as/so long as)</p><p>Language help</p><p>Don’t confuse in case of with in case. Take your umbrella in case it rains means ‘It isn’t</p><p>raining but it might rain.’</p><p>B Supposing ... and What if ...</p><p>Note the use of supposing and what if (both usually found in spoken language) for possible situations in</p><p>the future. What if is more direct.</p><p>Mick: Ethan’s coming tomorrow. He’ll help us.</p><p>Alice: Supposing / What if he doesn’t turn up - what shall we do then?</p><p>C Conditions with -ever</p><p>The -ever su ix means ‘it does not matter which …’. The stress is normally on ever.</p><p>What’s the best way to travel in your country?</p><p>However you decide to travel in this country, it’ll cost you a lot of money.</p><p>For example, you’ll end up paying at least 70 euros, whichever means of</p><p>transport you take from the airport to the city centre - train or bus. Public</p><p>transport is expensive wherever you go here. Whoever wins the next</p><p>election should try to lower fares.</p><p>These sentences can also be expressed using no matter. Note the stress.</p><p>No matter how you decide to travel in this country, it will cost you a lot of money.</p><p>No matter who wins the next election, they should try to lower fares.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>With the condition phrases in A, B and C the present tense is used in the conditional clause. Take a</p><p>jacket in case it gets cold later on. (NOT Take a jacket in case it will get cold later on.)</p><p>Some nouns which express conditionD</p><p>Certain conditions must be met before the peace talks can begin. (rather formal)</p><p>A good standard of English is a prerequisite /priːˈrekwɪzɪt/ for studying at a British university.</p><p>[absolutely necessary; very formal] What are the entry requirements /rəˈkwaɪəmənts/ for doing</p><p>a diploma in Management at your college? [o icial conditions; rather formal] I would not move to</p><p>London under any circumstances. (fairly formal)</p><p>130 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>62.1 Fill the gaps with a suitable word or phrase from A and B opposite.</p><p>as long as1 You can come to the party you don’t bring that awful friend of yours.</p><p>2 emergency in the machine room, sound the alarm and notify</p><p>the supervisor at once.</p><p>3 I hear from you, I’ll assume you are coming.</p><p>4 A person may take the driving test again they have not already taken a test</p><p>within the previous 14 days.</p><p>5 I lent you my car, would that help?</p><p>62.2 Change the sentences with -ever to no matter, and vice versa.</p><p>1 Wherever she goes, she always takes that dog of hers.</p><p>No matter where she goes, she always takes that dog of hers.</p><p>2 If anyone rings, I don’t want to speak to them, no matter who it is.</p><p>3 No matter what I do, I always seem to do the wrong thing.</p><p>4 It’ll probably have meat in it, whichever dish you choose. They don’t cater for</p><p>vegetarians here.</p><p>5 No matter how I do it, that recipe never seems to work.</p><p>6 However hard you try, you’ll never be able to do it all on your own.</p><p>62.3 The pictures show conditions that must be met to do certain things. Make different</p><p>sentences using words</p><p>years. At the beginning of term,Ο</p><p>students are supplied withwith a list of books that they are expected to read.</p><p>Brazil supplies coffee at many countries. Brazil supplies coffee to many countries.</p><p>The officer supplied each soldier a map.</p><p>2</p><p>deny /dɪˈnaɪ/ verb [T] NOT TRUE 1 to say that something is not true: He will not confirm or deny</p><p>the allegations. [+ that] Neil denies that he broke the window, but I’m sure he did. [+ -ing verb]Ο Ο</p><p>Neil denies breaking the window.</p><p>The Minister denied to have received any money from the oil company. (two answers)</p><p>3.4 Put a tick (✓) if these adjectives can be used about a person, or a thing (which could be</p><p>an event, an object, a fact, an idea, etc.) or both. Use your dictionary if necessary.</p><p>person thing person thing</p><p>sad ✓ damp</p><p>lucky awkward</p><p>content compulsory</p><p>3.5 A typical dictionary abbreviation for a noun is (n) and for an adjective (adj). What do you</p><p>think these abbreviations mean?</p><p>(adv) adverb (pron) (conj)</p><p>(prep) UK noun [C]</p><p>verb [T] noun [U] verb [I or T]</p><p>3.6 Over to you</p><p>Go to Cambridge Dictionaries Online at http://dictionary.cambridge.org, select the Cambridge</p><p>Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and look up the adjective damp. Click on the Visual Thesaurus. How</p><p>many of the words do you know? Choose four words you don’t know and look them up. Record</p><p>them in your notebook.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 13</p><p>http://dictionary.cambridge.org/</p><p>4 Guessing and explaining meaningStudy</p><p>unit</p><p>14 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Working out meaning from context</p><p>There are a number of clues you can use to help you understand the meaning of an unfamiliar word.</p><p>The context in which the word is used</p><p>• Visual clues: for example, a picture in a book or film footage in a TV news broadcast.</p><p>• Your own background knowledge about a situation: for example, if you already know that</p><p>there has just been an earthquake in a big</p><p>city, then you will find it easy to understand</p><p>the word ‘earthquake’ when you hear a</p><p>news broadcast about it.</p><p>• The words around the unfamiliar word:</p><p>for example, ‘Tara picked one tall yellow</p><p>gladiolus to put in her new vase.’ Even if</p><p>you have never seen or heard the word</p><p>‘gladiolus’, it is clear from the context that</p><p>it is a type of flower.</p><p>• Grammatical clues: for example, it is</p><p>clear that ‘superstitious’ must be an</p><p>adjective in the sentence ‘Alejandro is very</p><p>superstitious and would never walk under</p><p>a ladder’, or that ‘gingerly’ is an adverb</p><p>in ‘Mike came gingerly down the stairs,</p><p>trying to avoid all the broken glass.’</p><p>Similarity to other words you already know in English</p><p>A large number of words in English are made up of combinations of other words. You may never have</p><p>seen the word ‘headscarf’, for example, but it is easy to work out that it is a scarf worn on the head.</p><p>Units 74–76 will help you improve your skills in understanding how English uses everyday words to</p><p>build up new concepts.</p><p>Structure</p><p>A prefix or suffix may give you a clue: for example, Units 70–72 focus on different aspects of word</p><p>formation in English and should help you use those clues to make sense of unfamiliar words.</p><p>Similarity to a word you know in your own (or some other) language</p><p>If your first language is of Latin or of Germanic origin, you will come across many words in English</p><p>that resemble words in your own language. However, English has taken many words from many</p><p>other languages too. So make use of any other languages you know.</p><p>But remember that some words are false friends – they sound as if they mean the same</p><p>but in fact they have a different meaning. For example, gift in English means a present but in German</p><p>Gift means poison.</p><p>Explaining unknown words</p><p>The following expressions are useful when you are trying to explain what a word or expression</p><p>means:</p><p>It’s probably something (a bit) like (a chair) …</p><p>It’s got to be something you use for (painting pictures / cleaning the kitchen floor) …</p><p>It’s a kind of (bird / musical instrument / building) …</p><p>I think it must / could mean …</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>Study</p><p>unitExercises 4</p><p>Look at the following text. Before you read it,</p><p>see if you know what the underlined words mean.</p><p>A tortoise is a shelled reptile famed for its</p><p>slowness and longevity. The Giant Tortoise of the</p><p>Galapagos may attain over 1.5 metres in length</p><p>and have a lifespan of more than 150 years.</p><p>Smaller tortoises from Southern Europe and North</p><p>Africa make popular pets. They need to be tended</p><p>carefully in cool climates and must have a warm</p><p>place in which they can hibernate.</p><p>this drink doesn't contain sugar</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 15</p><p>4.1</p><p>4.2</p><p>4.3</p><p>4.4</p><p>Which of the underlined words can you guess from the context or using any other clues?</p><p>First make a guess and then check your guesses in the Answer key.</p><p>Use the context to work out what the underlined words mean. Explain them using one or</p><p>other of the expressions in B on the opposite page.</p><p>1 Above the trees at the edge of the meadow, a buzzard hangs for a moment on the wind before</p><p>soaring towards the hills. I think a buzzard must be a kind of bird.</p><p>2 According to some sources, the water vole is one of the most rapidly declining creatures in Britain</p><p>and a new survey is now being carried out to determine how serious the threat of extinction really is.</p><p>3 Using a large chisel and a hammer, Jack managed to knock down the old garden wall.</p><p>4 Kate carried in a delicious chicken and noodle soup in a large tureen and we enjoyed several bowls</p><p>each.</p><p>5 We often used to walk up to the cliff top where we would clamber over the farmer’s gate and go right</p><p>to the edge where the view was better.</p><p>6 Some people get really ratty when they haven’t had enough sleep.</p><p>Use your knowledge of other basic English words to help you work out the meanings</p><p>of the underlined words and expressions. Rewrite them using simpler words or</p><p>explanations for the underlined words and phrases.</p><p>1 It says on the can that this drink is sugar-free.</p><p>2 I find Caitlin a very warm-hearted person.</p><p>3 I’ve been up to my eyes in work ever since I got back from holiday.</p><p>4 We walked down a tree-lined street towards the station.</p><p>5 The little boys were fascinated by the cement-mixer.</p><p>6 More and more shops now have their own special store cards and offer you a discount if you use</p><p>one of them.</p><p>Use your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to suggest what these phrases mean.</p><p>1 to redirect a letter to send it to a different address</p><p>2 uncontrollable anger</p><p>3 pre-dinner drinks</p><p>4 bi-monthly report</p><p>5 my ex-boss</p><p>6 anti-tourist feelings</p><p>7 to disconnect the telephone</p><p>8 undelivered letters</p><p>Countries, nationalities and languages</p><p>Using ‘the’</p><p>Most names of countries are used without ‘the’, but some countries and other names have ‘the’</p><p>before them, e.g. the United States / the US(A), the United Kingdom / the UK, the Netherlands,</p><p>the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates / the UAE, the European Union / the EU, the</p><p>Commonwealth.</p><p>Adjectives referring to people, countries and languages</p><p>With -ish: British Irish Flemish Polish Danish Turkish Spanish</p><p>With -(i) an: Canadian Brazilian Latvian Korean Russian Australian</p><p>With -ese: Japanese Chinese Vietnamese Portuguese Maltese Taiwanese</p><p>With -i: Israeli Iraqi Kuwaiti Pakistani Yemeni Bangladeshi</p><p>With -ic: Icelandic Arabic Slavonic</p><p>Some adjectives are worth learning separately, e.g. Swiss, Thai, Greek, Dutch, Cypriot.</p><p>Nationalities</p><p>Some nationalities and cultural identities have nouns for referring to people, e.g. a Finn, a Swede, a</p><p>Turk, a Spaniard, a Dane, a Briton, an Arab, a Pole. For most nationalities we can use the adjective as</p><p>a noun, e.g. a German, an Italian, a Belgian, a Catalan, a Greek, an African,</p><p>a European. Some need woman/ man/ person added to them (you can’t say ‘a Dutch’), so if in doubt,</p><p>use them, e.g. a Dutch man, a French woman, an Irish person, an Icelandic man.</p><p>World regions</p><p>North America</p><p>The Arctic</p><p>Scandinavia</p><p>Europe</p><p>The Mediterranean</p><p>North Africa</p><p>The Atlantic</p><p>The Far East</p><p>Antarctica</p><p>The Pacic</p><p>Australia</p><p>The Antarctic</p><p>Asia</p><p>East Asia</p><p>The Middle</p><p>East</p><p>The Indian Ocean</p><p>and phrases from the opposite page.</p><p>EXAMPLE 1 You can have a passenger on a motorbike provided they wear a helmet. / Unless you wear a helmet,</p><p>you can't ride on a motorbike.</p><p>1 2 3</p><p>4 5 6</p><p>62.4 Over to you</p><p>What would your answers be to these questions?</p><p>1 Are there any prerequisites for the job you do or would like to do in the future?</p><p>2 Under what circumstances would you move from where you’re living at the moment?</p><p>3 What are the normal entry requirements for university in your country?</p><p>4 On what condition would you lend a friend your house/flat?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 131</p><p>Cause, reason, purpose and result63</p><p>A Cause and reason</p><p>You probably know how to use words like because, since and as to refer to the cause of or reason</p><p>for something. Here are some other ways to express cause and reason:</p><p>The collision was due to the icy conditions.</p><p>The collision was caused by ice on the road.</p><p>The cause of the collision was ice on the road.</p><p>The heavy rain caused the river to flood.</p><p>Owing to the icy conditions, the two cars collided.</p><p>Language help</p><p>If you use owing to with a clause, you must follow it with the fact that. In this example, the clause is</p><p>underlined. Owing to the fact that the conditions were icy, the two cars collided. (NOT Owing to the</p><p>conditions were icy, …)</p><p>Here are some other ‘cause’ words and typical contexts. They are all rather formal, and more suitable</p><p>for written use.</p><p>The rise in prices sparked (off) a lot of political protest. (often used for very strong, perhaps violent,</p><p>reactions to events)</p><p>The President’s statement gave rise to / provoked / generated a lot of criticism. (slightly less strong</p><p>than spark (off))</p><p>The new law has brought about / led to great changes in education. (often used for political/social</p><p>change)</p><p>This problem stems from the inflation of recent years. (explaining the direct origins of events and states)</p><p>The court case arose from / out of allegations made in a newspaper. (the allegations started the process</p><p>that led to the court case)</p><p>Reasons for and purposes of doing thingsB</p><p>Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. or The reason (why) she didn’t go with</p><p>us was that … (less formal)</p><p>The following sentences are all fairly formal, and more frequent in written English:</p><p>I wonder what his motives were in sending that email? (purpose)</p><p>I wonder what prompted her to send that message? (reason/cause)</p><p>She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal. (purpose)</p><p>I’ve invited you here with a view to resolving our differences. (sounds a bit more indirect than with the</p><p>aim of)</p><p>He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there. (reason)</p><p>The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment.</p><p>C Results</p><p>Most of these expressions are fairly formal, and more frequent in written English:</p><p>He did no work. As a result / As a consequence / Consequently, he failed his exams.</p><p>The result/consequence of all these changes is that no one is happy any more.</p><p>The examples with consequence/consequently sound more formal than result.</p><p>His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry. (verb + in)</p><p>The events had an outcome that no one could have predicted. [result of a process or events, or of</p><p>meetings, discussions, etc.]</p><p>The upshot of all these problems was that we had to start again. (less formal than outcome) When the</p><p>election results were announced, chaos ensued. (very formal)</p><p>132 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>63.1 Make two sentences into one using the ‘reason and purpose’ words in brackets. Look at B</p><p>opposite if you aren’t sure.</p><p>1 There was a controversial decision. She wrote to the local newspaper to protest. (prompt)</p><p>The controversial decision prompted her to write to the local newspaper to protest.</p><p>2 I didn’t contact you. I’d lost your phone number. (reason)</p><p>3 I will not sign. This contract is illegal. (grounds)</p><p>4 The government passed a new law. It was in order to control prices. (aim)</p><p>5 She sent everyone flowers. I wonder why? (motives)</p><p>6 The salary was high. She applied for the job. (prompt)</p><p>63.2 Make full sentences using ‘cause and reason’ words from A opposite.</p><p>1 closure of 20 mines → strikes in coal industry</p><p>The closure of 20 mines sparked (off) strikes in the coal industry.</p><p>2 The announcement of higher taxes → a strong attack from the opposition</p><p>3 The new Act of Parliament → great changes in industry</p><p>4 The failure of the electrical system → the train crash</p><p>5 A violent storm → the wall collapsed</p><p>6 Food shortages → serious riots in several cities</p><p>7 The food shortages → bad economic policies</p><p>63.3 Fill in the missing prepositions.</p><p>1 My reasons for not joining the club are personal.</p><p>2 The purpose this pedal is to control the speed.</p><p>3 I came here the aim resolving our dispute.</p><p>4 His stupidity has resulted everyone having to do more work.</p><p>5 All this arose one small mistake we made.</p><p>6 It was done a view lowering inflation.</p><p>7 That press article has given rise a lot of criticism.</p><p>63.4 Use the pictures to describe the causes and results of events in different ways.</p><p>1 … the road was blocked. There was heavy 2 … everyone got a refund.</p><p>snow, which caused the road to be blocked.</p><p>3 … the customers got angry. 4 … we had to walk home.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 133</p><p>Concession and contrast64</p><p>A Verbs of concession</p><p>Concession means accepting one part of an idea or fact, but putting another, more important</p><p>argument or fact against it.</p><p>It can be expressed with a conjunction, e.g. Although they were poor, they were independent, or an</p><p>adverb, e.g. He is a bit stupid. He’s very kind, nevertheless, or through verbs like those in the table</p><p>below.</p><p>example paraphrase and comments</p><p>I acknowledge/accept that he has worked I agree but … (accept is less formal than</p><p>hard but it isn’t enough. acknowledge)</p><p>I admit I was wrong, but I still think we I accept I’m guilty of what I’m accused of.</p><p>were right to doubt her.</p><p>I concede that you are right about the You have won this point in our argument.</p><p>goal, but not the method. (rather formal, used in debates/arguments)</p><p>Adverbs and other phrases showing contrastB</p><p>These examples are fairly informal:</p><p>OK, you’re sorry. That’s all well and good / That’s all very well, but how are you going to pay</p><p>us back?</p><p>You shouldn’t seem so surprised. After all, I did warn you.</p><p>It’s all very well saying you love dogs, but who will take it for</p><p>walks if we do get one?</p><p>He is boring, and he is rather cold and unfriendly,</p><p>but, for all that, he is your uncle and we should</p><p>invite him.</p><p>These examples are more formal:</p><p>Admittedly, she put a lot of effort in, but it was all wasted.</p><p>I thought she didn’t like me. In fact, the reverse was true. We’re not almost there at all.</p><p>In Europe they use metric measurements. In contrast, the USA Quite the opposite: we’ve got</p><p>still uses many non-metric measurements. five miles to go yet.</p><p>It’s not actually raining now. On the other hand, it may rain</p><p>later, so take the umbrella.</p><p>C Collocating phrases for contrast</p><p>When it comes to politics, Jamie and Isla are poles apart.</p><p>There’s a world of difference between being a friend and a lover.</p><p>There’s a great divide between city residents and people who live in the country.</p><p>A yawning gap divides the rich and poor in many countries.</p><p>There’s a huge discrepancy between his ideals and his actions.</p><p>Language help</p><p>On the other hand means ‘that is true and this is also true if we look at it from a different</p><p>viewpoint’, e.g. Life in the country is nice and quiet. On the other hand, you have to go a long way to</p><p>get to the shops. On the contrary is a rather formal expression which means ‘that is not true; the</p><p>opposite is true’, e.g. A: You must be pleased with your exam results. B: On the contrary, I thought</p><p>they would be much better.</p><p>134 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>64.1 Rewrite these sentences using the most likely verb from A opposite (there is usually more than</p><p>one possibility).</p><p>1 I know that you weren’t solely to blame, but you must take some responsibility.</p><p>I accept that</p><p>you weren't solely to blame but you must take some responsibility.</p><p>2 OK, OK, I was wrong, you were right; he is a nice guy.</p><p>3 The company is prepared to accept that you have suffered some delay, but we do not accept liability.</p><p>4 She didn’t deny that we had done all we could, but she was still not content.</p><p>64.2 Complete the sentences with phrases from B opposite.</p><p>1 OK, you’ve cleaned the kitchen; 2 No need to panic. 3 She’s bossy and sly, but</p><p>that's all very well , but what , it ,</p><p>about the dining room? doesn’t start till six. she is a friend.</p><p>5 I know you’ve been very busy</p><p>4 saying preparing for the school concert.</p><p>you’ll pay me back soon; , but you still</p><p>when is what I want to know! mustn’t neglect your homework.</p><p>64.3 Use the word in brackets in an appropriate collocation to make comments on these statements.</p><p>1 Some people believe in nuclear weapons, some in world disarmament. (divide)</p><p>There's a great divide between those who believe in nuclear weapons, and those who believe in world disarmament.</p><p>2 She says one thing. She does quite the opposite. (discrepancy)</p><p>3 Toby believes in saving as much as possible. Catalina prefers to spend all the money they earn. (poles)</p><p>4 Being a student’s one thing; being a teacher’s quite another. (world)</p><p>5 People in the north of the country have a totally different standard of living from those in the south.</p><p>(gap)</p><p>64.4 Write a sentence before each of these sentences.</p><p>I expected Lydia to be tall and dark.1 The reverse was true; she was short, with fair hair.</p><p>2 On the other hand, it does have a big garden, so I think we</p><p>should rent it.</p><p>3 On the contrary, the number of cars on the road is</p><p>increasing yearly.</p><p>4 In contrast, in Britain you drive on the lef.</p><p>5 Quite the opposite; I feel quite full. I had a huge breakfast.</p><p>64.5 Choose between on the other hand and on the contrary and explain what the speaker means.</p><p>on the contrary1 I’m not worried; , I feel quite calm. It's not true that I'm worried.</p><p>2 It’s expensive, but , we do need it.</p><p>3 In some ways I’d like to change my job, but , I’d miss all my colleagues.</p><p>4 I don’t think he’s lazy; , he puts in a great deal of effort.</p><p>5 She doesn’t speak Japanese well; , she only knows a couple of phrases.</p><p>6 This hotel looks very attractive; , it’s more expensive than the first one we</p><p>looked at.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 135</p><p>Addition65</p><p>A Expressions for linking sentences/clauses</p><p>sentence/clause 1 and sentence/clause 2</p><p>For this job you need a degree. In addition, you need at least two years’</p><p>Additionally, experience.</p><p>Smartphones are becoming more Furthermore, Moreover, they are becoming cheaper.</p><p>sophisticated. What’s more*,</p><p>Children should respect their parents. Equally, they should respect their</p><p>Likewise, teachers.</p><p>We’ll have all the stress of going to On top of (all) that**, we’ll have to pay the lawyers’</p><p>court and giving evidence. bills.</p><p>* furthermore and moreover are normally interchangeable, and are both rather formal; what’s more is</p><p>informal; what is more is rather formal.</p><p>** emphatic: used mostly in informal spoken English.</p><p>You can also use plus, e.g. To keep fit you need a good diet plus (you need) regular exercise. (normally</p><p>used to connect noun phrases, but can connect clauses in informal speech)</p><p>Expressions at the end of sentences/clausesB</p><p>They sell chairs, tables, beds, and so on /etˈsetrə/. (and so on is more informal than etc.)</p><p>It’ll go to the committee, then to the board, then to another committee, and so on and so forth.</p><p>[suggests a long continuation; infml]</p><p>He was a good sportsman and an excellent musician into the bargain / to boot. [emphasises the</p><p>combination of items; infml]</p><p>Expressions that begin, or come in the middle of, sentences/clausesC</p><p>Further to my telephone call to you yesterday, I am now</p><p>writing to … (formal opening for a letter or email)</p><p>In addition to winning the gold medal, she also broke the</p><p>world record.</p><p>In addition to his BA in History, he has a PhD in Sociology.</p><p>(fairly formal)</p><p>Alongside her full-time job as a dentist, she does</p><p>voluntary conservation work at weekends.</p><p>I have to go to the bank today, as well as getting</p><p>my hair cut.</p><p>Besides / Apart from having a salary, he also has</p><p>a private income.</p><p>Apart from her many other hobbies, she restores</p><p>old racing cars.</p><p>Jo Evans was there, along with / together with a</p><p>few other people who I didn’t know.</p><p>Language help</p><p>The words and expressions in C are followed by nouns, noun phrases, or a verb plus -ing, e.g. As well</p><p>as speaking Japanese, she also speaks French. (NOT As well as she speaks Japanese, she also speaks</p><p>French.)</p><p>136 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>65.1 Fill in the gaps in this email with suitable addition words and phrases. Try to do it</p><p>without looking at the opposite page.</p><p>Dear Mrs Coldstream,</p><p>1 Further to my letter of 16 March, I should like to give you more information concerning my qualifications</p><p>and experience. 2 holding a Diploma in Catering, I also have an Advanced Certificate in</p><p>Hotel Management. The course covered the usual areas: finance, front services, publicity, space allocation</p><p>3 . I also wish to point out that 4 holding these qualifications, I have now been</p><p>working in the hotel trade for five years. 5 , my experience prior to that was also connected</p><p>with tourism and hospitality. I hope you will give my application due consideration.</p><p>Yours sincerely,</p><p>Gemma Weaver</p><p>Rewrite the sentences using the word or phrase in brackets at the end.65.2</p><p>1 Physical labour can exhaust the body very quickly. Excessive study can rapidly reduce mental powers</p><p>too. (equally) Physical labour can exhaust the body very quickly. Equally, excessive study can rapidly reduce mental</p><p>powers.</p><p>2 My cousin turned up and some schoolmates of his came with him. (along with)</p><p>3 He owns a big chemical factory and he runs a massive oil business in the USA. (as well as)</p><p>4 I’m their scientific adviser and act as a consultant to the Managing Director. (addition)</p><p>5 It was raining and getting dark. We also had very little petrol left in the tank. (top)</p><p>6 He’s a very good singer. He has a degree in music. (more)</p><p>Correct the mistakes in the use of addition words and phrases in these sentences.65.3</p><p>being</p><p>1 I work part-time as well as I am a student, so I have a busy life.</p><p>2 Besides to have a good job, my ambition is to meet someone nice to share my life with.</p><p>3 Alongside I have many other responsibilities, I now have to be in charge of staff training.</p><p>4 In addition has a degree, she also has a diploma.</p><p>5 Likewise my father won’t agree, my mother’s sure to find something to object to.</p><p>6 To boot she’s a good footballer, she’s a good athlete.</p><p>7 He said he’d have to first consider the organisation, then the system, then the finance and so forth so on.</p><p>What addition words/phrases can you associate with these pictures?65.4</p><p>boot1 to 2 into the 3 in 4 on</p><p>65.5 Rewrite this text using alternatives to ‘and’ and the words in bold and as many</p><p>expressions from the opposite page as possible.</p><p>plus</p><p>To become a successful athlete you will need to be fit and you will need to train hard every day. And</p><p>you will need a very special type of determination and stamina. And you will need support from friends</p><p>and family, financial support and other things. And a good coach will help a great deal, motivating you</p><p>and setting goals for you. And with all those other things you will need that indefinable thing: talent.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 137</p><p>Referring words66</p><p>A Text-referring words</p><p>Text-referring words take their meaning from the surrounding text. For example, this sentence in</p><p>isolation does not mean much: ‘We decided to look at the problem again and try to find a solution.’</p><p>What problem? The words problem and solution help organise the argument of the text, but they do</p><p>not tell us the topic of the text. They refer to something somewhere else.</p><p>Here are some examples. The word in bold refers to the underlined words.</p><p>Pollution is increasing. The problem is getting worse each day.</p><p>Should taxes</p><p>be raised or lowered? This was the biggest issue in the election. [topic causing great</p><p>argument and controversy]</p><p>Whether the war could have been avoided is a question that interests historians.</p><p>Let’s discuss crime. That’s always an interesting topic. [subject to argue about or discuss, e.g. in a debate</p><p>or in an essay]</p><p>Punishment is only one aspect of crime. [part of the topic]</p><p>B Problem-solution words</p><p>Text-referring words are often used with ‘problem-solution’ types of text, where a problem is</p><p>presented and ways of solving it are discussed. In the following example, the words in bold concern a</p><p>problem or a solution. Try to learn these words as a family.</p><p>The situation in our cities with regard to economies. Unless a new approach is found to</p><p>traffic is going from bad to worse. Congestion control traffic, we will never find a solution to</p><p>is a daily feature of urban life. The problem the dilemma.</p><p>is now beginning to affect our national</p><p>In the dialogue below, two politicians are arguing. Note how the words in bold refer to parts of the</p><p>argument.</p><p>A: Your claim that we’re doing B: But the investment has all</p><p>nothing to invest in industry is gone to service industries.</p><p>false. We invested £10 billion last The real point is that we need</p><p>year. You’ve ignored this fact. to invest in our manufacturing</p><p>industries.</p><p>A: That argument is out-of-</p><p>date in a modern technological</p><p>society. Our position has always B: But that view won’t help</p><p>been that we should encourage to reduce unemployment.</p><p>technology.</p><p>The following problem-solution words are grouped in families associated with the underlined key</p><p>words. The prepositions normally used with them are given in brackets.</p><p>situation: state of affairs, position (with regard to)</p><p>problem: difficulty (more formal), crisis, matter</p><p>response (to): reaction (to), attitude (to), approach (to)</p><p>solution: answer (to), resolution (to), key (to), way out (of )</p><p>evaluation (of the solution): assessment, judgment</p><p>Economically, the government is in a situation was to impose higher taxes.</p><p>critical position. This state of affairs is This approach has not proved to be the</p><p>partly a result of the financial difficulties solution to the problem. Economists’</p><p>currently being experienced globally. current assessment is that this may in fact</p><p>Our government’s initial response to the be making matters worse.</p><p>138 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>66.1 Match the sentences on the left with a suitable label on the right.</p><p>1 The earth is in orbit around the sun. c a problem</p><p>2 It has proved to be most efficient. b evaluation</p><p>3 People are essentially good. c fact</p><p>4 I’ve run out of cash. d belief</p><p>5 World poverty and overpopulation. e view</p><p>6 They should get married, to my mind. f issue</p><p>66.2 Fill the gaps with an appropriate word to refer to the underlined parts of the sentences.</p><p>1 So you were talking about animal rights? That’s quite a big issue nowadays.</p><p>2 We are running out of funds. How do you propose we should deal with the ?</p><p>3 Is there life on other planets? This is a nobody has yet been able to answer.</p><p>4 (teacher to the class) You can write your essay on ‘My best holiday ever’. If you don’t like that</p><p>, I’ll give you another one.</p><p>5 She thinks we should all fly around in tiny little helicopters. This to the traffic problem in</p><p>cities is rather new and unusual. I wonder if it is viable?</p><p>66.3 These newspaper headlines have been separated from their texts. Put each one with a</p><p>suitable text extract.</p><p>a NEW APPROACH TO b NEW ARGUMENT OVER c SCIENTIST REJECTS</p><p>CANCER TREATMENT ECONOMIC RECESSION CLAIMS OVER FAST FOOD</p><p>d PRIME MINISTER SETS OUT e SOLUTION TO AGE-OLD f SITUATION IN SAHEL</p><p>VIEWS ON NATO MYSTERY IN KENYA WORSENING DAILY</p><p>1 she said if the world 2 tests were being carried 3 there was no proof at</p><p>community failed to out to see if the new drug all that such things</p><p>respond, thousands of really did work were harmful, and in</p><p>children could die</p><p>f</p><p>4 the bones proved beyond 5 also said that he believed 6 the Minister denied that</p><p>doubt that human beings that most people had a this was true and said</p><p>had inhabited the region similar vision of instead that the evidence</p><p>during pointed to</p><p>66.4 Over to you</p><p>1 What aspect of your work/studies do you find most interesting?</p><p>2 Have you ever faced a dilemma? What was it? What was your response to the situation?</p><p>3 Can you think of an argument in favour of single-sex schools and an argument against? What are</p><p>your own views on this issue?</p><p>4 What would you say is the main problem facing your country at the moment? Can you suggest a</p><p>solution to this problem?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 139</p><p>Discourse markers in spoken English67</p><p>A What are discourse markers?</p><p>Discourse markers are expressions which organise, comment on or in some way frame what we are</p><p>saying. An example is well.</p><p>A: So you live in Boston? B: Well, near Boston.</p><p>Well here shows that the speaker is aware he/she is changing the direction of the conversation in</p><p>some way (not giving the expected ‘yes’ answer). Another example is how teachers use words like</p><p>Right and OK to organise what is happening in a classroom:</p><p>Right/OK, let’s have a look at exercise 3.</p><p>B Organising a conversation</p><p>Here are some common expressions which organise the different stages of a conversation.</p><p>Now, what shall we do next? So, would you like to come to the table now, please?</p><p>Good, I’ll ring you on Thursday, then. Well then, what was it you want to talk about?</p><p>Now then, I want you to look at this picture. (said by someone in control of the conversation, e.g. a teacher)</p><p>Fine/Great, let’s meet again next week, then, shall we? (often used to close conversations)</p><p>So, where was I? I was telling you about my aunt … (often used after an interruption or to come back to</p><p>the main topic or story)</p><p>C Modifying and commenting on what you say</p><p>In these mini-dialogues, the expressions in bold modify or comment on what is being said.</p><p>A: It’s cold, isn’t it? A: What’s her number?</p><p>B: Yeah. B: Let me see, I have it here</p><p>A: Mind you, it’s November, so it’s not surprising. somewhere … (a hesitation -</p><p>(an afterthought, used like however) gaining time)</p><p>A: It’s quite a problem … A: And he said he was go-</p><p>B: Listen/Look, why don’t you let me sort it B: Well, that’s typical!</p><p>out? (introducing a suggestion / an important A: Hang on / Hold on! Let</p><p>point) me tell you what he said!</p><p>A: Would you? Thanks a lot. (preventing an interruption)</p><p>D Other useful discourse markers</p><p>I can’t do that. You see, I’m not the boss here. (explaining)</p><p>He was, you know, sort of … just standing there. (hesitation)</p><p>He was wearing this, kind of / like, cowboy hat. (not sure of the best way to say something)</p><p>So that’s what we have to do. Anyway, I’ll ring you tomorrow. (the speaker thinks the topic can change or</p><p>the conversation can now close)</p><p>It rained all day yesterday. Still / On the other hand, we can’t complain, it was fine all last week.</p><p>(contrasts two ideas or points)</p><p>We shouldn’t be too hard on him. I mean, he’s only a child. (making clear what you mean)</p><p>In informal spoken language, people often use the letters of the alphabet (usually no more than a, b and</p><p>c), to list points they want to make.</p><p>STELLA: Why aren’t you going this evening?</p><p>ADAM: Well, a) I haven’t got any money, and b) it’s too far anyway.</p><p>It is often difficult to hear these expressions when they are used in rapid speech, but when you are in</p><p>a position to listen in a relaxed way to someone speaking English (for example, if you are not the person</p><p>being spoken to, or you are listening to informal speech on radio or TV or in a film), it is easier to concentrate</p><p>on listening for discourse markers.</p><p>140 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>67.1 Underline all the discourse markers in this monologue.</p><p>‘Well, where shall I start? It was last summer and we were just sitting in</p><p>the garden, sort of doing nothing much. Anyway, I looked up and … you</p><p>see, we have this, kind of, long wall at the end of the garden, and it’s …</p><p>like … a motorway for cats.</p><p>That big fat black one you saw, well, that one</p><p>considers it has a right of way over our vegetable patch, so … where was</p><p>I? I was looking at that wall, you know, daydreaming as usual, and all of a</p><p>sudden there was this new cat I’d never seen before. It wasn’t an ordinary</p><p>cat at all … I mean, you’ll never believe what it was …’</p><p>67.2 Here are some short dialogues where there are no discourse markers, which would be</p><p>unusual in real informal conversation. Use markers from the box to fill the gaps. You can</p><p>use the markers more than once, and more than one answer may be possible.</p><p>good I mean hang on well let me see right still listen anyway you know</p><p>1 A: Are you a football fan? 5 A: He’s looking exhausted.</p><p>B: Well , I like it but I wouldn’t say I was B: Really?</p><p>A: , look at his eyes - he looksa fan.</p><p>so tired.</p><p>2 A: I’ll take care of these.</p><p>6 A: What do you mean, ‘cold’?B: .That’s everything.</p><p>B: , she’s not friendly, very distant.A: , see you next week.</p><p>Last week I gave her a nice smile andB: . That was a very useful meeting.</p><p>she scowled at me.</p><p>A: , what do you expect? I’ve seen</p><p>3 A: It was last Monday. I was coming home the way you smile at people; it puts them</p><p>from work. I saw this funny old man off.</p><p>approaching me. I stopped him …</p><p>B: I bet it was Jim Dibble! 7 A: Money isn’t the most important thing in life.</p><p>A: ! Let me tell you what B: , you can’t live without it!</p><p>happened first. A: I suppose that’s true.</p><p>8 A: What are we going to do?4 A: Which number is yours?</p><p>B: , I’ve got an idea. Why don’t we</p><p>B: … it’s that one there, yes, that one. ask James to help? He’s a lawyer.</p><p>67.3 Which discourse marker fits best into the sentences? Rewrite the sentences with the markers</p><p>included.</p><p>on the other hand great a, b, c, etc. anyway look now</p><p>Anyway,</p><p>1 Yes, there is a lot of work to do. I must rush now, I’ll call you tomorrow.</p><p>2 There are two reasons why I think he’s wrong. People don’t act like that, and Paul would certainly</p><p>never act like that.</p><p>3 I want you to pay attention, everyone.</p><p>4 He loses his temper very quickly. He’s got a great sense of humour.</p><p>5 You seem a bit sad today. Let me buy lunch for you to cheer you up.</p><p>6 A: So I’ll pick you up at 6.30. B: See you then.</p><p>67.4 Over to you</p><p>Choose three expressions that appeal to you from this unit and try to use them in your spoken English.</p><p>Be careful not to overuse them!</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 141</p><p>Linking words in writing68</p><p>A Organising a formal text</p><p>First / Firstly / First of all, we must consider …</p><p>Next, it is important to remember that …</p><p>Secondly and thirdly are also used with first/firstly for lists.</p><p>Finally/Lastly, we should recall that … (coming to the final point on a list)</p><p>Turning to the question of foreign policy, … (changing to a new topic)</p><p>Leaving aside the question of pollution, there are also other reasons … (the writer will not deal with</p><p>that question here)</p><p>In parenthesis, let us not forget that … (making a point that is a side issue, not part of the main argument)</p><p>In summary / To sum up, we may state that … (listing / summing up the main points)</p><p>In sum, the economic issues are at the centre of this debate … (listing / summing up the main points:</p><p>much more formal)</p><p>In conclusion / To conclude, I should like to point out that … (finishing the text)</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>Lastly is used when making a final point, e.g. Lastly, let us consider what the future holds. (NOT At last let</p><p>us consider …) At last means finally after a long time, e.g. At last I’ve finished my essay - what a relief!</p><p>Linking words for explaining, exemplifying, rephrasing, etc.B</p><p>To learn new words properly a lot of recycling is needed; in other words / that is to say, you have to</p><p>study the same words over and over again. (that is to say is much more formal)</p><p>Some English words are hard to pronounce, for example / for instance, ‘eighth’.</p><p>It might be possible, say, to include the parents in the discussion. (similar to for example; note the</p><p>commas before and after; say is also common in spoken English)</p><p>The Parliament has different committees. Briefly, these consist of two main types. [the explanation</p><p>will be short and not comprehensive]</p><p>She is, so to speak / as it were, living in a world of her own. (makes what you are saying sound less</p><p>definite/precise; as it were is more formal)</p><p>Referring backwards and forwards in the textC</p><p>The following points will be covered in this essay: … (used to introduce a list)</p><p>It was stated above/earlier that the history of the USA is … [earlier in the text]</p><p>See page 238 for more information. [go to page 238]</p><p>Many writers have claimed this (see below). [examples will be given later in the text]</p><p>A full list is given overleaf. [turn the page and you will find the list]</p><p>For further details/discussion, see Chapter 4. [more discussion/details]</p><p>May I refer you to page 3 of my last letter to you? [May I ask you to look at / read; fml]</p><p>With reference to your email of 12th March, … (often used at the beginning of a letter or email to link it</p><p>with an earlier text; fml)</p><p>142 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>68.1 Match the linking words on the left with the appropriate function on the right.</p><p>1 Leaving aside … c a change the topic</p><p>2 In parenthesis, … b read something earlier in the text</p><p>3 Turning to … c this will not be discussed</p><p>4 In conclusion, … d this document is about another one</p><p>5 With reference to … e to finish off</p><p>6 See above … f as an aside / as a secondary issue</p><p>68.2 Fill the gaps with typical linking words or phrases used in writing. The first letter of each</p><p>phrase/word is given.</p><p>Firstly1 , it is important to understand why people commit crimes; 2i , what are</p><p>the motives which make people do things they would never normally do? 3F ,</p><p>a young man steals clothes from a shop - does he do it because it is an exciting risk? 4N ,</p><p>it is essential to consider whether punishment makes any difference, or is it just,5a , a kind</p><p>of revenge? 6L , how can we help victims of crime?7I , how can we get to</p><p>the roots of the problem, rather than just attacking the symptoms?</p><p>Which linking word or phrase(s) …68.3</p><p>say (meaning ‘for example’)1 is based on the verb ‘to say’?</p><p>2 is based on the verb ‘to follow’?</p><p>3 contain the word/syllable ‘sum’? (three answers)</p><p>4 is a form of the word ‘far’?</p><p>5 contains something you find on trees?</p><p>68.4 Write a short formal email to the Editor of a newspaper about a report in the paper the</p><p>previous week that a local hospital is going to close. You think the hospital should not</p><p>close because:</p><p>• The nearest other hospital is 50 kilometres away.</p><p>• 200 people work at the hospital; they will lose their jobs.</p><p>• The hospital makes an important contribution to the local economy.</p><p>• It is the only hospital in the region with a special cancer unit.</p><p>• It is being closed for political reasons, not genuine economic ones.</p><p>Try to include as many as possible of these linking</p><p>words and phrases:</p><p>with reference to firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc.</p><p>leaving aside the following to sum up</p><p>that is to say finally</p><p>Dear Editor,</p><p>Yours sincerely,</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 143</p><p>Talking and communicating69</p><p>Wow!</p><p>A Idioms connected with communication problems She’s in love</p><p>with me!</p><p>So, see you then. Monday</p><p>Friday</p><p>I really like</p><p>you as a</p><p>friend.Yes.</p><p>They’re talking at cross-purposes. [talking He’s got the wrong end of the stick. [not</p><p>about different things without realising it] understood something in the correct way]</p><p>… and that … notwithstanding anyCan … means … other proviso not stated …</p><p>… but if not,Er …</p><p>it could be …</p><p>… and anotherWhy …</p><p>thing …</p><p>She can’t get a word in edgeways /edʒweɪz/. [doesn’t get He can’t make head or tail of what she’s</p><p>a chance to speak because others are talking so much] saying. [cannot understand at all]</p><p>B Good talk, bad talk</p><p>The boss always talks down to us. [talks as if we were inferior]</p><p>My workmates are always talking behind my back. [saying negative things about me when I’m not there]</p><p>It was just small talk, nothing more, I promise. [purely social talk,</p><p>nothing serious]</p><p>Let’s sit somewhere else; they always talk shop over lunch, and it bores me rigid. [talk about work]</p><p>Hey! Your new friend’s become a real talking point among the staff! Did you know? [subject that</p><p>everyone wants to talk about]</p><p>It’s gone too far this time. I shall have to give him a talking to. [reproach/scold him / tell him off]</p><p>C Talk in discussions, meetings, etc.</p><p>8Alex is so</p><p>1 long-winded.Who’s going to start the ball rolling?</p><p>/ˈlɒŋˈwɪndɪd/</p><p>2</p><p>To put it in a nutshell,</p><p>7this is a waste of time.</p><p>Sophie always</p><p>talks rubbish.</p><p>3 I hope they</p><p>get to the</p><p>point soon.</p><p>6I hope Will4</p><p>I want to speak speaks; he always</p><p>5my mind today. I hope we wrap talks sense.</p><p>up the discussion</p><p>by 12.30.</p><p>1 start the discussion 2 say it in few words 3 come to the important part of the matter</p><p>4 say exactly what I think 5 finish the discussion 6 says intelligent, reasonable things</p><p>7 says stupid things 8 says things in a long, indirect way</p><p>144 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>69.1 Look at these dialogues and comment on them.</p><p>1 PAUL: £98 for a meal! That’s outrageous!</p><p>EMMA: Not the meal, you idiot! The room!</p><p>Emma and Paul seem to be .talking at cross-purposes</p><p>2 JO: So that’s what I’m going to do, take it all away.</p><p>MEENA: What about -</p><p>JO: And if they don’t like it they can just go and do what they like.</p><p>MEENA: If she -</p><p>JO: Not that I have to consult them, anyway; I’m in charge round here.</p><p>It seems that Meena can’t get .</p><p>3 VOLODYA: I got very upset when you said I was childish.</p><p>GINA: I didn’t! I just said you seemed to get on very well with the children. Honestly.</p><p>VOLODYA: Oh, I see. Oh, sorry.</p><p>It seems that Volodya got the .</p><p>4 DAN: So, area-wise the down-matching sales profile commitment would seem to be</p><p>high-staked on double-par.</p><p>KIM: Eh? Could you say that again? You’ve got me there.</p><p>It seems that Kim can’t what Dan is saying.</p><p>5 ALI: I don’t expect someone with your intelligence to understand this document.</p><p>JUAN: Oh.</p><p>Ali seems to be talking to Juan.</p><p>69.2 What idioms opposite do these drawings represent?</p><p>1 wrap up the discussion 2 talk 3 start</p><p>4 get to / come to 5 to put 6 get hold of</p><p>69.3 Fill the gaps to complete the sentences.</p><p>speaks1 She is very direct and always her mind.</p><p>2 He gets bored quickly with small and always wants to get down to serious matters.</p><p>3 The boss gave me a real to after that stupid mistake I made.</p><p>4 You’re behind the times! George's girlfriend was last week’s point.</p><p>5 Paula’s uncle is so long- - it takes him ten minutes to make a point that anyone else</p><p>could make in 30 seconds.</p><p>6 It was such a relief when James got up to speak - at last someone was talking .</p><p>7 I hate going out with my boyfriend and his work colleagues - they spend all evening</p><p>talking .</p><p>8 You should tell him what you think to his face rather than talking behind his .</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 145</p><p>Suffixes70</p><p>A Common noun suffixes</p><p>-er /@/ is used for the person who does an activity, e.g. writer, painter, worker, shopper, teacher. You</p><p>can use -er with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns.</p><p>Sometimes the -er suffix is written as -or (it is still pronounced /@/). It is worth making a special list of</p><p>these words as you meet them, e.g. actor, donor [person who donates something],</p><p>operator, sailor, supervisor [person whose job is to make sure that other people do their jobs correctly,</p><p>safely, etc.].</p><p>-er/-or are also used for things which do a particular job, e.g. pencil sharpener, bottle opener, grater,</p><p>projector, stapler, coat hanger.</p><p>-er and -ee (pronounced /i:/) can contrast with each other meaning ‘person who does something’</p><p>(-er) and ‘person who receives or experiences the action’ (-ee), e.g. employer/employee /emplɔɪjˈiː/,</p><p>sender, addressee, payee (e.g. of a sum of money).</p><p>-tion/-sion/-ion are used to form nouns from verbs, e.g. complication, pollution, reduction,</p><p>alteration, donation, promotion, admission, action.</p><p>-ist [a person] and -ism [an activity or ideology] are used for people’s politics, beliefs and ideologies,</p><p>and sometimes their profession (compare with -er/-or professions above), e.g. Marxist, typist, physicist,</p><p>terrorist, Buddhism, journalism.</p><p>-ist is also often used for people who play musical instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist.</p><p>-ness is used to make nouns from adjectives, e.g. goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness,</p><p>sadness, weakness. Note what happens to adjectives that end in -y.</p><p>B Adjective suffixes</p><p>-able/-ible /@bl/ with verbs means ‘can be done’, e.g.</p><p>drinkable washable readable forgivable edible [can be eaten] flexible [can be bent]</p><p>C Verbs</p><p>-ise (or -ize, which is more common in American English) forms verbs from adjectives, e.g. modernise</p><p>[make modern], commercialise, industrialise, computerise.</p><p>Other suffixes that can help you recognise the word classD</p><p>-ment: (nouns) excitement, enjoyment, replacement [the act of putting sb or sth in the place of</p><p>sb or sth else]</p><p>-ity: (nouns) flexibility [ability to change easily according to the situation], productivity, scarcity</p><p>-hood: (abstract nouns, especially family terms) childhood, motherhood, brotherhood</p><p>-ship: (abstract nouns, especially status) friendship, partnership, membership</p><p>-ive: (adjectives) active, passive (in language, the passive is when the receiver of an action</p><p>becomes the subject, e.g. The bank was robbed), productive [producing a positive large amount of</p><p>something]</p><p>-al: (adjectives) brutal, legal [related to or which follows the law], (nouns) refusal, arrival</p><p>-ous: (adjectives) delicious, outrageous [shocking and morally unacceptable], furious [very angry]</p><p>-ful: (adjectives) hopeful, useful, forgetful</p><p>-less: (adjectives) useless, harmless [which cannot hurt or damage anyone or anything], homeless</p><p>-ify: (verbs) beautify, purify, terrify [cause someone to be extremely afraid]</p><p>The informal suffix -ish can be added to most common adjectives, ages and times to make them less</p><p>precise, e.g. She’s thirtyish. He has reddish hair. Come about eightish.</p><p>Language help</p><p>Adding a suffix can sometimes change the stress in a word. Be sure to check in a dictionary.</p><p>Examples:</p><p>flexible → flexibility productive → productivity piano → pianist</p><p>146 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>70.1 These pictures show objects ending in -er/-or. Can you name them?</p><p>stapler1 2 3 4 5</p><p>70.2 Do these words mean a thing or a person, or can they mean both? Use a dictionary if necessary.</p><p>thing1 a cooker 3 a ticket holder 5 a cleaner 7 a drinker</p><p>2 a grater 4 an MP3 player 6 a smoker 8 an advisor</p><p>70.3 Use the -er/-or, -ee and -ist suffixes to make the names of the following. If you need to use</p><p>a dictionary, try looking up the words in bold.</p><p>1 A person who plays jazz on the piano. a jazz pianist 6 A person to whom a sum of money is paid.</p><p>2 A thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen. 7 A machine for washing dishes.</p><p>3 A person who plays classical violin. 8 A person who donates their organs</p><p>4 A person who takes professional photographs. upon their death.</p><p>5 A person who acts in amateur theatre. 9 A person to whom a letter is addressed.</p><p>70.4 Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences using a suffix from the opposite page and</p><p>making any spelling changes needed.</p><p>1 Most of his crimes can be forgiven. Most of his crimes are forgivable .</p><p>2 The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing shoes. The Club refuses to anyone not</p><p>wearing shoes.</p><p>3 Her only fault is that she is lazy. Her only fault is .</p><p>4 This firm has produced a lot recently. This firm has been very recently.</p><p>5 I found the book very easy and pleasant to read. I found the book very .</p><p>6 I have lovely memories of when I was a child. I have lovely memories of my .</p><p>7 You can’t wash that jacket. That jacket isn’t .</p><p>8 The most important thing in life is having friends. The most important thing in</p><p>life is .</p><p>70.5 Complete the table with the different parts of speech. Do not fill the shaded boxes.</p><p>noun verb adjective</p><p>eat edible</p><p>fury</p><p>beautiful</p><p>scarce</p><p>refuse</p><p>modern</p><p>forget</p><p>act</p><p>70.6 Over to you</p><p>List</p><p>six jobs you would like to have. How many different suffixes are there in your list? Do any of</p><p>the job names not have a suffix (e.g. pilot, film star)?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 147</p><p>Prefixes71</p><p>A Negative prefixes on adjectives</p><p>Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative or an opposite meaning. For example, fair/unfair,</p><p>experienced/inexperienced and similar/dissimilar are opposites. Other examples are ‘unnatural’,</p><p>‘inedible’, ‘disorganised’. Unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing which prefix any adjective</p><p>will use to form its opposite.</p><p>in- becomes im- before a root beginning with ‘m’ or ‘p’, e.g. immature, impatient, immoral,</p><p>impossible, improbable. Similarly in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with ‘r’, e.g. irregular,</p><p>irresponsible, irreplaceable, and il- before a word beginning with ‘l’, e.g. illegal, illegible, illiterate.</p><p>Language help</p><p>The prefix in- (and its variations) does not always have a negative meaning - often it gives the idea</p><p>of inside or into, e.g. internal, import, insert, income.</p><p>B Negative prefixes on verbs</p><p>The prefixes un- and dis- can also form the opposites of verbs, e.g. tie/untie, appear/disappear.</p><p>These prefixes are used to reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more examples: disagree,</p><p>disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, discourage, dislike, disprove, disqualify, unbend, undo, undress,</p><p>unfold, unload, unlock, unveil, unwrap, unzip.</p><p>C Other common prefixes</p><p>Some words with prefixes use a hyphen. Check in a dictionary if you’re not sure.</p><p>prefix meaning examples</p><p>anti against anti-war antisocial antibiotic antiseptic</p><p>auto of or by oneself autograph auto-pilot autobiography</p><p>bi two/twice bicycle bilateral biannual bilingual</p><p>ex former ex-wife ex-smoker ex-boss</p><p>ex out of extract exhale excommunicate</p><p>micro small microbiology microchip microscopic microwave</p><p>mis badly/wrongly misunderstand mistranslate mislead</p><p>mono one/single monolingual monologue monogamous</p><p>multi many multinational multimedia multi-purpose</p><p>over too much overdo overtired oversleep overeat</p><p>post after post-war postgraduate post-impressionist</p><p>pre before preconceived pre-war pre-judge</p><p>pro in favour of pro-government pro-revolutionary</p><p>pseudo false pseudo-scientific pseudo-intellectual</p><p>re again/back rewrite regain rearrange repay replace renew</p><p>semi half semi-circular semi-final semi-detached</p><p>sub under subway submarine subdivision</p><p>under not enough underworked underused undercooked</p><p>148 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>71.1 Which negative adjective fits each of the following definitions?</p><p>unfair1 means not being fair or right</p><p>2 means impossible to eat.</p><p>3 means unable to read or write.</p><p>4 means not being well organised.</p><p>5 means not having much sense of responsibility.</p><p>6 means unable to be replaced.</p><p>71.2 Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the</p><p>word in the correct form.</p><p>disqualified1 The runner was after a blood test. (qualify)</p><p>2 Children (and adults) love parcels at Christmas time. (wrap)</p><p>3 I almost always find that I with his opinion. (agree)</p><p>4 I’m sure he’s lying but it’s going to be hard to his story. (prove)</p><p>5 After a brief speech the President the new statue. (veil)</p><p>6 It took the removal men an hour our things from the van. (load)</p><p>7 His phone was because he didn’t pay his last bill. (connect)</p><p>8 Hannah the letter and began to read it. (fold)</p><p>71.3 Answer the following questions with words from the table opposite.</p><p>microwave1 What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast?</p><p>2 How can you describe a cream, for example, that helps prevent infection?</p><p>3 What kind of company has branches in many countries?</p><p>4 How are aeroplanes often flown for easy stretches of a flight? on</p><p>5 What is a student who is studying for a second degree?</p><p>6 What word means ‘underground railway’ in the US and ‘underground passage’ in</p><p>the UK?</p><p>71.4 Write the opposites of the words underlined. Not all the words you need are on the</p><p>opposite page. Use a dictionary to help you.</p><p>dishonest1 He’s a very honest man. 7 She’s employed.</p><p>2 I’m sure she’s discreet. 8 He’s very efficient.</p><p>3 I always find him very sensitive. 9 The door is locked.</p><p>4 It’s a convincing argument. 10 He seems grateful for our help.</p><p>5 That’s a very relevant point. 11 I’m sure she’s loyal to the firm.</p><p>6 She’s always obedient. 12 He’s a tolerant person.</p><p>71.5 Using the table opposite, construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.</p><p>pro-American1 He’s in favour of the American approach.</p><p>2 The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly.</p><p>3 Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little.</p><p>4 Dan says that economics is not really a science even if it claims to be one.</p><p>5 She’s still on good terms with the man who used to be her husband.</p><p>6 He made a mistake in the calculation and had to do it again.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 149</p><p>Roots72</p><p>A Verbs based on Latin words</p><p>Many words in English are formed from Latin roots. These words are often considered fairly formal</p><p>in English. Here are some examples of the more common Latin roots, with some of the English verbs</p><p>derived from them.</p><p>DUC, DUCT lead</p><p>He conducted the orchestra with great vigour. [led]</p><p>Nothing would induce me to join their organisation. [persuade / lead]</p><p>The railway goes over a high viaduct. [a high bridge across a river or valley]</p><p>PONE, POSE place, put</p><p>The meeting has been postponed until next week. [put off to a later date]</p><p>The President was deposed by his own son. [put out of office]</p><p>The government have imposed a sizeable tax increase. [put into force]</p><p>Beethoven composed some beautiful pieces of music. [created, put together]</p><p>She deposited some money in her bank account. [placed, put in]</p><p>PORT carry, take</p><p>How are you going to transport your things to the States? [send across]</p><p>Britain imports cotton and exports wool. [buys in] [sells out]</p><p>Our opinions are supported by a considerable amount of research. [held up / backed]</p><p>Foreigners who commit crimes are usually deported. [taken/sent away to another country]</p><p>PRESS press, push</p><p>She was impressed by his presentation. [filled with admiration and respect]</p><p>This weather depresses me. [fills me with miserable feelings]</p><p>She always expresses herself very articulately. [puts her thoughts into words]</p><p>SPECT see, look</p><p>You should respect your parents / the laws of a country. [look up to]</p><p>The police officer inspected the mysterious package. [looked into / examined]</p><p>Many pioneers travelled west in America to prospect for gold. [look for / search]</p><p>VERT turn</p><p>I tried the new make of coffee but I soon reverted to my old favourite brand. [went back]</p><p>Can you convert this document to a pdf? [change from one form to another]</p><p>The police diverted the traffic because there was a demonstration. [sent it a different way]</p><p>B Nouns based on Latin words</p><p>The examples above are of verbs only. Note that for all the verbs listed, there is usually at least one</p><p>noun, sometimes a different one for a person and an idea. Here are some examples.</p><p>verb person noun abstract noun</p><p>inspect inspector inspection</p><p>advertise advertiser advertisement</p><p>deport deportee deportation</p><p>introduce introducer introduction</p><p>oppress oppressor oppression</p><p>compose composer composition</p><p>150 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>72.1 Complete the table with other forms of some of the words presented in B opposite. Use a</p><p>dictionary if necessary. Do not fill the shaded boxes.</p><p>verb person noun abstract noun</p><p>convert conversion</p><p>conduct</p><p>impress</p><p>support</p><p>compress</p><p>72.2 Fill the gaps in the sentences below using words based on the root given in brackets at</p><p>the end of the sentence.</p><p>1 The bad news depressed everyone. (PRESS)</p><p>2 He was from the USA for not having a visa. (PORT)</p><p>3 The magazine seems to have nothing in it but for cosmetics. (VERT)</p><p>4 The new manager a lot of new rules on the staff when she took over. (POSE)</p><p>5 The tax wrote to tell me I owed a lot of money. (SPECT)</p><p>6 Because of the flood, the traffic was and</p><p>we had to drive a long way. (VERT)</p><p>7 Thank you for me to Dino last week. (DUC)</p><p>8 Tchaikovsky some wonderful ballet music. (POSE)</p><p>9 Grey, wet weather always me. I love the sun. (PRESS)</p><p>10 I think we should our tennis game till tomorrow. It’s going to rain. (PONE)</p><p>72.3 Can you work out the meanings of the underlined words in the sentences below? To help</p><p>you, here are the meanings of the main Latin prefixes:</p><p>intro: within, inward o, ob: against in, im: in, into re: again, back</p><p>de: down, from ex: out sub: under trans: across</p><p>1 She’s a very introspective person and her husband’s also a quiet, thoughtful person.</p><p>thinks privately about her own thoughts and feelings instead of talking about them to others</p><p>2 He always seems to oppose everything I suggest. Why can’t he agree sometimes?</p><p>3 I don’t think it’s healthy to repress your emotions too much. You should just behave naturally.</p><p>4 Perhaps you can deduce what the word means from the way it’s formed. Otherwise, use a dictionary.</p><p>5 The documentary exposed corruption in high places. Now everyone knows the truth.</p><p>6 She just thought he looked so funny. She tried hard to suppress a laugh but couldn’t.</p><p>72.4 Below are some words based on Latin roots and their two-part verb equivalents. Match</p><p>each word with its synonym. Which in each pair is more formal?</p><p>hold upsupport postpone oppose inspect deposit</p><p>divert</p><p>put off look at hold up turn away go against put down</p><p>72.5 Over to you</p><p>Choose any four words from A opposite. Write sentences which will help you to remember their</p><p>meanings.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 151</p><p>Abstract nouns73</p><p>A What are abstract nouns?</p><p>An abstract noun represents an idea, experience or quality rather than an object that you</p><p>can touch. For example, advice, happiness, intention and (in)justice are abstract nouns but pen,</p><p>bed and trousers are not.</p><p>B Suffixes in abstract nouns</p><p>Certain suffixes (see Unit 70) are used frequently in abstract nouns. The most common are -ment,</p><p>-ion, -ness and -ity. The suffix -ion sometimes becomes -tion, -sion, -ation or -ition. The suffixes</p><p>-ment and -ion are usually used to make verbs into abstract nouns. The suffixes -ness</p><p>and -ity are added to adjectives.</p><p>Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes.</p><p>achievement affection carelessness activity</p><p>adjustment collection consciousness authority</p><p>amazement combination eagerness creativity</p><p>disagreement expectation friendliness curiosity</p><p>improvement frustration kindness generosity</p><p>investment limitation laziness hostility</p><p>replacement recession politeness popularity</p><p>retirement reduction weakness sensitivity</p><p>C Less common suffixes forming abstract nouns</p><p>-ship, -dom, -th and -hood</p><p>The suffixes -ship and -hood are usually added to other nouns to form abstract nouns.</p><p>The suffix -th is added to an adjective to form an abstract noun and -dom can combine</p><p>with either a noun or an adjective.</p><p>Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes.</p><p>boredom breadth adulthood</p><p>freedom depth brotherhood</p><p>kingdom length childhood</p><p>martyrdom strength motherhood</p><p>stardom warmth neighbourhood</p><p>wisdom width (wo)manhood</p><p>When he left school, Rolf trained as an electrician with a large company.</p><p>There were two other boys in a similar position and he enjoyed their</p><p>companionship. They developed such a good relationship that,</p><p>once they’d completed their apprenticeship, they decided to go into</p><p>partnership together. Now they have set up a business under joint</p><p>ownership. They have taken out membership of the Association of</p><p>Electricians and are beginning to attract a great deal of work.</p><p>Common mistakesD Abstract nouns with no suffix</p><p>anger belief calm chance The definite article is not normally used</p><p>faith fear humour idea before an abstract noun, e.g. Love is blind.</p><p>(NOT The love is blind.) I can resist everythingluck principle rage reason</p><p>except temptation. (NOT I can resistsense sight speed thought</p><p>everything except the temptation.)</p><p>152 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>73.1 What is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives?</p><p>friendliness1 friendly 6 strong 11 popular</p><p>2 amazed 7 angry 12 weak</p><p>3 frustrating 8 generous 13 wise</p><p>4 kind 9 polite 14 reasonable</p><p>5 hostile 10 happy 15 wide</p><p>73.2 Which verbs are related to these abstract nouns? Use a dictionary if necessary.</p><p>collect1 collection 5 strength 9 production</p><p>2 recession 6 boredom 10 ownership</p><p>3 belief 7 activity 11 expectation</p><p>4 relationship 8 sight 12 adjustment</p><p>73.3 Find a synonym with the suffix in brackets for each of the following nouns. Use a thesaurus if</p><p>necessary.</p><p>hostility1 animosity (-ity) 9 community (-hood)</p><p>2 astonishment (-ment) 10 vision (no suffix)</p><p>3 inquisitiveness (-ity) 11 liberty (-dom)</p><p>4 fraternity (-hood) 12 fury (no suffix)</p><p>5 possibility (no suffix) 13 wealth (-ity)</p><p>6 substitution (-ment) 14 maternity (-hood)</p><p>7 fame (-dom) 15 possession (-ship)</p><p>8 decrease (-tion)</p><p>73.4 Complete each of the quotations with one of the words in the box.</p><p>imitation advice injustice kingdom darkness</p><p>1 2Imitation is the Do not ask</p><p>highest form of flattery. of the ignorant.</p><p>43 Better to light a candle thanBetter to suffer to curse the .than to commit it.</p><p>5</p><p>It’s easy to govern a</p><p>but difficult to rule one’s family.</p><p>73.5 Over to you</p><p>Write your own quotations to describe the following abstract nouns. Perhaps you know a saying in</p><p>your own language that you could translate into English?</p><p>1 freedom</p><p>2 love</p><p>3 life</p><p>4 curiosity</p><p>5 imagination</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 153</p><p>74 Compound adjectives</p><p>A Form and meaning</p><p>A compound adjective has two parts. It is usually written with a hyphen, e.g. well-dressed,</p><p>never-ending, sky-blue. Its meaning is usually clear from the combined words. The second part of the</p><p>adjective is often a present participle (ending in -ing) or past participle (ending in -ed, except for irregular</p><p>verbs).</p><p>Language help</p><p>Some compound adjectives use a hyphen before a noun but not after a verb (e.g. a well-dressed</p><p>man but He is always well dressed).</p><p>B Personal appearance</p><p>A number of compound adjectives describe personal appearance. Here is a rather far-fetched</p><p>description of a person starting from the head down. [hard to believe]</p><p>Tom was a curly-haired, suntanned, blue-eyed, rosy-cheeked,</p><p>thin-lipped, broad-shouldered, left-handed, long-legged young</p><p>man, wearing an open-necked shirt, brand-new, tight-fitting jeans</p><p>and open-toed sandals.</p><p>C Personality and character</p><p>Other compound adjectives describe a person’s character.</p><p>Melissa was absent-minded [forgetful], easy-going [relaxed], good-tempered [cheerful], warm-</p><p>hearted [kind] and quick-witted [quick-thinking/sharp], if perhaps a little big-headed [proud of</p><p>herself], two-faced [not sincere], self-centred [always thinking about herself instead of others] and</p><p>stuck-up [thinks she’s better than other people (informal)] at times.</p><p>D Prepositions and particles</p><p>Another special group of compound adjectives has a preposition or particle in its second part.</p><p>The workers’ declaration of an all-out strike forced management to improve conditions. [total]</p><p>Once there were fields here but now it’s a totally built-up area.</p><p>That student’s parents are very well-off [rich] but they don’t give him much money and he is always</p><p>complaining of being hard-up. [poor]</p><p>I love these shoes and, although they’re worn-out, I can’t throw them away.</p><p>This area was once prosperous but it now looks very run-down. [in a very bad condition]</p><p>E Collocations</p><p>Here are some other compound adjectives with typical noun collocations.</p><p>air-conditioned rooms bullet-proof windows on the President’s car business-class ticket</p><p>cut-price goods in the sales duty-free items handmade furniture interest-free credit</p><p>last-minute revision for an exam long-distance lorry driver long-standing relationship</p><p>off-peak train travel [at a time which is less busy] part-time job so-called expert sugar-free</p><p>diet time-consuming writing of reports top-secret information world-famous film star</p><p>F Changing compound adjectives</p><p>You can vary</p><p>the compound adjectives listed by changing one part of the adjective.</p><p>For example, curly-haired, long-haired, red-haired and wavy-haired; first-hand (knowledge), first-</p><p>class (ticket) and first-born (child).</p><p>154 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>74.1 What compound adjectives from the opposite page can describe …</p><p>never-ending1 a problem that never ends? a(n) problem</p><p>2 a shirt whose neck is open and which fits tightly? a(n) ,</p><p>shirt</p><p>3 a girl who has long legs and brown eyes? a(n) , girl</p><p>4 very new sandals that have open toes? , sandals</p><p>5 a boy who dresses well and is brown from the sun? a(n) ,</p><p>boy</p><p>6 a person who is very relaxed and kind? a(n) , person</p><p>7 a boy who has curly hair and is sharp? a(n) , boy</p><p>8 a story that is difficult to believe? a(n) story</p><p>74.2 Fill the gaps with the words from the box to form new compound adjectives.</p><p>Use a dictionary if necessary.</p><p>tight blue man broad brown</p><p>bullet fire water loose green</p><p>hand sugar second narrow business</p><p>right home absent duty left</p><p>blue1 4 7</p><p>-eyed -minded -fitting</p><p>8</p><p>2 5 -handed</p><p>-proof -made</p><p>3 6</p><p>-class -free</p><p>74.3 Complete the sentences using compound adjectives from D and E opposite.</p><p>down1 It was an old, run- hotel that needed modernising. None of the rooms were</p><p>air- and the so- restaurant was just a coffee bar. Our room had</p><p>an old, -out carpet that was dirty.</p><p>2 It’s a very -up coast, with hotels and villas everywhere.</p><p>3 We managed to get a -minute booking for a Mediterranean cruise.</p><p>4 Off- train travel is much cheaper than travelling at busy times, but</p><p>long- travel by train can sometimes be more expensive than flying.</p><p>5 The route of the President’s drive to Parliament was secret and he was driven in a</p><p>bullet- limousine.</p><p>6 The workers went on -out strike over a long- pay dispute and the airport</p><p>was closed for three days.</p><p>7 She used to be quite well- but she lost a lot of money and now she has a</p><p>-up look about her. She got a part- job to help pay the bills.</p><p>8 She has to have a sugar- diet but it’s very time- trying to make sure</p><p>everything she buys has no sugar in it.</p><p>74.4 Over to you</p><p>Which of the adjectives from this unit could you use to describe yourself or your friends or members</p><p>of your family?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 155</p><p>75 Compound nouns 1: noun + noun</p><p>A What are compound nouns?</p><p>A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and functions as</p><p>a noun. Such expressions are frequently combinations of two nouns, e.g. car park, human being</p><p>[person], science fiction [fiction based on some kind of scientific fantasy]. A number of compound nouns</p><p>are related to phrasal verbs and these are dealt with in Unit 76.</p><p>How are compound nouns written?B</p><p>If you understand both parts of the compound noun, the meaning will usually be clear. Compound</p><p>nouns are usually written as two words, e.g. tin opener [an opener for tins], bank account [an account</p><p>in a bank], pedestrian crossing [a place for people to cross a road], but sometimes they are written with</p><p>a hyphen instead of a space between the words, e.g. self-control [control over your own emotions and</p><p>reactions]. Sometimes they may be written as one word, e.g. earring, trademark [the symbol of a</p><p>product], babysitter [someone who stays with a baby/child while parents are out].</p><p>Note that there are no strict rules about which compound words should be written in which way.</p><p>There is a lot of variation even between dictionaries.</p><p>C Stress in compound nouns</p><p>Usually the main stress is on the first part of the compound but sometimes it is on the second part.</p><p>In the common compound nouns below, the word which contains the main stress is underlined.</p><p>alarm clock contact lens mineral water voice mail</p><p>blood donor credit card package holiday windscreen</p><p>burglar alarm heart attack steering wheel windscreen wiper</p><p>bus stop light bulb tea bag youth hostel</p><p>D Grammar of compound nouns</p><p>Compound nouns may be countable, uncountable or only used in either the singular or the plural.</p><p>The examples given in C are all countable compound nouns. Here are some examples of common</p><p>uncountable compound nouns.</p><p>air traffic control computer technology food poisoning junk food</p><p>birth control cotton wool hay fever [allergy to pollen] mail order</p><p>blood pressure data processing income tax pocket money</p><p>Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the singular.</p><p>arms race [two or more countries competing generation gap</p><p>to have the most powerful military] labour force</p><p>climate change sound barrier</p><p>death penalty welfare state</p><p>Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the plural.</p><p>grass roots kitchen scissors race relations sunglasses</p><p>headphones luxury goods roadworks traffic lights</p><p>156 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>75.1 Complete these bubble networks with any appropriate expressions from the opposite page.</p><p>Add extra bubbles if you need them.</p><p>bank account</p><p>health</p><p>money</p><p>credit card</p><p>social</p><p>issues</p><p>75.2 Here are some compound expressions you have looked at in this unit. Explain what the</p><p>significance of the nouns used in the compound is.</p><p>1 windscreen A screen that protects a driver from the wind.</p><p>2 burglar alarm 5 climate change 8 pocket money</p><p>3 food poisoning 6 kitchen scissors 9 welfare state</p><p>4 generation gap 7 luxury goods 10 voice mail</p><p>75.3 What are they talking about? In each case the answer is a compound noun opposite.</p><p>1 I had it taken at the doctor’s this morning and he said it was a little high for my age.</p><p>blood pressure</p><p>2 It’s happening through man-made pollution and is causing more extreme weather.</p><p>3 She always has terrible sneezing fits in the early summer.</p><p>4 I can’t understand why they spend so much on devising ways of killing people.</p><p>5 They say that working there is much more stressful than being a pilot.</p><p>6 The worst time was when one fell out at the theatre and I spent the interval searching around on the</p><p>floor. I can’t see a thing without them.</p><p>7 I don’t think it should ever be used whatever the crime.</p><p>8 It’s much easier not to have to make your own travel arrangements.</p><p>9 It’s not difficult to access mine on my mobile.</p><p>10 You really shouldn’t cross the road at any other place.</p><p>11 I didn’t like the low-energy ones at first because they’re so slow to get going.</p><p>12 I had it very badly once when I ate some chicken that wasn’t properly cooked.</p><p>75.4 In some cases more than one compound noun can be formed from one particular element.</p><p>For example, blood pressure and blood donor; air traffic control, birth control and self-</p><p>control. Complete the following compound nouns using nouns from the box.</p><p>bite country fast inheritance level</p><p>mail pot rat ties word</p><p>1 junk mail 4 tea 7 -processing 10 race</p><p>2 sound 5 mother 8 crossing</p><p>3 blood 6 tax 9 food</p><p>75.5 Now make up some sentences like those in exercise 75.3 relating to the new compound</p><p>nouns you made in exercise 75.4.</p><p>EXAMPLE 1 I get a ridiculous amount of this through my letter box every day. ( junk mail)</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 157</p><p>Compound nouns 2: verb + preposition76</p><p>Compound nouns based on phrasal verbsA</p><p>An example of a compound noun based on a phrasal verb is a takeover [when one company takes control</p><p>of another] from to take over. In sections B to E you will see these types of nouns in context. The meaning</p><p>of the compound noun is given in brackets. To form the plural, ‘s’ is added to the end, e.g. workouts</p><p>[exercise sessions, e.g. at the gym].</p><p>B Journalism</p><p>Nouns based on phrasal verbs often have an informal feel to them and they are particularly common</p><p>in newspaper reporting.</p><p>In response to the pay offer, there was a walkout at the factory. [strike]</p><p>There is going to be a crackdown on public spending. [action to stop/reduce]</p><p>An inquiry into the recent breakout from the local prison has recommended measures</p><p>to tighten security there. [escape]</p><p>Last month saw a tremendous shake-up in personnel. [change]</p><p>Last week we reported on the break-up of the mayor’s marriage. [collapse]</p><p>C The economy</p><p>The takeover of</p><p>one of our leading hotel chains has just been announced. [purchase by another</p><p>company]</p><p>We’re trying to find some new outlets for our products. [places to sell]</p><p>Take your things to the check-out to pay for them. [cash desk]</p><p>Cutbacks will be essential until the recession is over. [reductions]</p><p>Our profit was £1,000 on a turnover of £10,000. [money passing through a company]</p><p>The banks were given a huge bailout by the government. [money given to a company to save it</p><p>from failure]</p><p>D Aspects of modern life</p><p>What the computer produces depends on the input. [information that is put in]</p><p>Output has increased thanks to new technology. [production]</p><p>We have a rather rapid staff turnover. [change]</p><p>Just after leaving school he went through a stage of being a dropout. [person who rejects society]</p><p>The consequences of fallout from the explosion at the nuclear reactor were felt for many years.</p><p>[radioactive dust in the atmosphere]</p><p>I can easily get you a printout of the latest figures. [paper on which computer information has been</p><p>printed]</p><p>A breakthrough has been made in AIDS research. [important discovery]</p><p>E General</p><p>The following words can be used in more general circumstances.</p><p>Many of the problems were caused by a breakdown in communications. [failure]</p><p>The outlook for tomorrow is good - sunny in most places. [prospect]</p><p>There are drawbacks as well as advantages to every situation. [negative aspects]</p><p>The outcome of the meeting was not very satisfactory. [conclusion]</p><p>TV companies always welcome feedback from viewers. [comments]</p><p>It was clear from the outset that the set-up would cause problems. [start; situation]</p><p>We parked in a lay-by on the bypass. [parking space at the side of a road; road avoiding</p><p>the centre of a town]</p><p>The outbreak of war took many people by surprise. [start of something unpleasant]</p><p>158 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>76.1 Which of the words on the opposite page would be most likely to follow the</p><p>adjectives given below?</p><p>fallout1 radioactive 5 final</p><p>2 nervous 6 sales</p><p>3 computer 7 positive</p><p>4 annual 8 city</p><p>76.2 Match the compound nouns on the left with the synonyms on the right.</p><p>1 breakdown e a result</p><p>2 break-up b beginning</p><p>3 cutback c production</p><p>4 drawback d strike</p><p>5 feedback e failure</p><p>6 outcome f disadvantage</p><p>7 output g payment</p><p>8 outset h comments</p><p>9 walkout i reduction</p><p>10 bailout j collapse</p><p>76.3 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word from the opposite page.</p><p>1 2 3 4takeover Police planAKC make Prime Minister</p><p>announces cabinet</p><p>Transport union</p><p>threatens on vandalismbid for FEDCO</p><p>6 7 85 Two prisoners Football star injured Flu staff at</p><p>escape in jail in pre-game supermarket announce strike</p><p>in Ireland</p><p>76.4 Here are some compound nouns based on phrasal verbs. Guess the meaning of the</p><p>underlined word from its context. Show how it relates to its verb.</p><p>1 Because of the accident there was a three-mile tailback along the motorway.</p><p>queue of traffic (it tails back from a vehicle at the head of the queue)</p><p>2 Police are warning of an increased number of break-ins in this area.</p><p>3 The papers are claiming the Prime Minister organised a cover-up.</p><p>4 Unfortunately, our plans have suffered a setback.</p><p>5 I’m sorry I’m late. There was a terrible hold-up on the bridge.</p><p>6 The robbers made their getaway in a stolen car.</p><p>7 There was a surprisingly large turnout at the concert.</p><p>8 I love having a lie-in on Sundays.</p><p>9 The lecturer distributed handouts before she started speaking.</p><p>10 I’m giving my office a major clear-out this week.</p><p>76.5 These words are made up of the same parts but they have very different meanings.</p><p>Explain the meaning of each of the words. Use a dictionary if necessary.</p><p>1 outlook / look-out</p><p>Outlook means prospect, whereas a look-out is a person watching out for an enemy or danger.</p><p>2 set-up / upset 3 outlet / let-out 4 outlay / layout</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 159</p><p>Binomials77</p><p>A What are binomials?</p><p>Binomials are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction (usually</p><p>‘and’). The order of the words is normally fixed. For example:</p><p>odds and ends: small, unimportant things, e.g. Let’s get the main things packed -</p><p>we can do the odds and ends later. (NOT ends and odds)</p><p>give and take: a spirit of compromise, e.g. Every relationship needs a bit of give and</p><p>take to be successful.</p><p>You can often tell something is a binomial because of the sound pattern, which may be a repetition of</p><p>the same first sound or a rhyme.</p><p>Tears are part and parcel of growing up. [an important part of / belong to]</p><p>The boss was ranting and raving /ˈreɪvɪŋ/ at us. [shouting / very angry]</p><p>The old cottage has gone to rack and ruin. [is ruined / has decayed]</p><p>He’s so prim and proper at work. [rather formal and fussy]</p><p>The hotel was a bit rough and ready. [poor standard or quality]</p><p>She has to wine and dine important clients. [entertain / take out to restaurants]</p><p>They stole my wallet. I was left high and dry, with no money. [in a very difficult situation]</p><p>B Pairs of near synonyms</p><p>At other times, the clue is that the words are near synonyms.</p><p>You can pick and choose - it’s up to you. [have a wide choice]</p><p>My English is progressing in/by leaps and bounds. [big jumps]</p><p>It’s nice to have some peace and quiet now that the children have lef.</p><p>[a peaceful/calm situation]</p><p>The doctor recommended some rest and recreation / R and R. [relaxation]</p><p>First and foremost, you must work hard. [first and most importantly]</p><p>Binomials composed of grammar wordsC</p><p>Many grammar words combine to form Language helpbinomials.</p><p>There are cafés here and there along the Your language probably has many binomials.</p><p>sea front. [scattered round / in different places] Check that the ones which look similar in</p><p>We’ve had meetings on and off / off and English have the same word order as your</p><p>on. [occasionally] language. These three are very neutral</p><p>I’ve been running back and forth / to binomials and can be used in formal or informal</p><p>situations. Try translating them.and fro all day. [to and from somewhere]</p><p>She’s better now, and out and about again. an old black and white photograph</p><p>[going out] Ladies and gentlemen, your attention, please!</p><p>She ran up and down the street. She ran back and forth.</p><p>[in both directions]</p><p>Binomials linked by words other than andD</p><p>You’ve got your sweater on back to front. [the wrong way]</p><p>He won’t help her - she’ll have to sink or swim. [survive or fail]</p><p>Slowly but surely, I realised the boat was sinking. [gradually]</p><p>Sooner or later, you’ll learn your lesson. [sometime in the future]</p><p>She didn’t want to be just friends - it had to be all or nothing.</p><p>Well, I’m sorry, that’s all I can offer you - take it or leave it.</p><p>It’s about the same distance as from here to Dublin, give or take a few miles.</p><p>[perhaps a mile or two more, or a mile or two less]</p><p>160 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>77.1 Here is a list of words that can combine to form binomials. Use similarities in sound to join</p><p>them with and. Look at A opposite to check that you have the right word order and meaning.</p><p>Use the binomials to fill the gaps in the sentences which follow.</p><p>prim dine high parcel ruin rough dry</p><p>rack part ready proper rave rant wine</p><p>prim and proper</p><p>prim proper1 The receptionist is always so terribly and ; the whole atmosphere always</p><p>seems so very formal.</p><p>2 I was left and , with no one to help me.</p><p>3 The room’s a bit and but you’re welcome to stay as long as you like.</p><p>4 She was in a bad temper and was and at everybody.</p><p>5 My hosts and me at the best restaurants.</p><p>6 That old house in the country has gone to and ; nobody looks after it</p><p>now.</p><p>7 Working hard and being very disciplined is and of training to be a top</p><p>athlete.</p><p>77.2 Use binomials from B and C to rewrite the words in bold. Your new sentences will often</p><p>sound more informal than the original ones.</p><p>1 I’m hoping to get some time without noise or interruption at the cottage I’ve rented.</p><p>peace and quiet</p><p>2 Most importantly of all, I want to get a good, steady job.</p><p>3 I’ve bumped into Karen occasionally but I don’t meet her regularly.</p><p>4 Her violin playing seems to be progressing very rapidly.</p><p>5 I’ve been running from one place to another and back again all morning.</p><p>6 The doctor said I needed a few weeks of relaxation without activity.</p><p>7 We’ll have to stay in a cheap hotel. We can’t afford to choose what we’d like best.</p><p>8 There are some nice hotels in different places along the coast.</p><p>9 Mrs James was ill for a while, but now she’s going out and doing things again.</p><p>10 Robin’s office is on the next floor to mine, so we have to go from one floor to another</p><p>all day.</p><p>77.3 Some of the binomials in these sentences are in the right order and some are wrong.</p><p>Correct the wrong ones.</p><p>1 I spent a long time going forth and back between different offices to get my visa.</p><p>wrong: back and forth</p><p>2 You look very tired and stressed. You need some rest and recreation.</p><p>3 I love those old white and black Hollywood films from the 1940s.</p><p>4 Later or sooner you will learn that he is not a true friend of yours.</p><p>5 Gentlemen and ladies, would you like to take your seats now, please?</p><p>6 Slowly but surely my English got better and soon I felt fairly fluent.</p><p>77.4 These binomials do not have and in the middle. What do they have? Check the opposite</p><p>page if you are not sure.</p><p>or1 sooner later 3 back front 5 slowly surely</p><p>2 all nothing 4 sink swim 6 give take</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 161</p><p>Abbreviations and acronyms78</p><p>Abbreviations pronounced as individual lettersA</p><p>Most abbreviations are pronounced as individual letters.</p><p>Abbreviations for groups or organisations:</p><p>BBC British Broadcasting Corporation</p><p>CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US government agency collecting information about other countries)</p><p>EU European Union</p><p>FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation</p><p>MI6 Military Intelligence 6 (UK equivalent of CIA)</p><p>WHO World Health Organisation</p><p>Other abbreviations pronounced as individual letters:</p><p>ID Identity (an identity card or passport)</p><p>GM genetically modified</p><p>DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (chemical at the centre of living cells)</p><p>FAQ frequently asked questions</p><p>AKA also known as</p><p>IOU I owe you</p><p>ATM automated teller machine (cash machine usually outside a bank)</p><p>ASAP as soon as possible</p><p>Language help</p><p>When these abbreviations are stressed words in the sentence, the stress falls on the last letter,</p><p>e.g. She works for the CIA. I heard it on the BBC.</p><p>B Abbreviations pronounced as words</p><p>Abbreviations pronounced as individual words are called acronyms.</p><p>NATO /neɪtiəʊ/ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</p><p>PIN /pɪn/ Personal Identity Number (e.g. for a bank or credit card)</p><p>SAD seasonal affective disorder (lacking energy and enthusiasm in</p><p>winter in latitudes where there is little sunlight at that time)</p><p>AWOL /eɪwɒl/ absent without leave [permission; usually used in military contexts]</p><p>Some acronyms have become so normal as words that people do not think of them as abbreviations</p><p>any longer, and so they are not written in capital letters.</p><p>laser radar scuba sonar</p><p>C Clippings</p><p>Some words are often used in an abbreviated form in informal situations. We say, for example, kilo</p><p>instead of ‘kilogram’ or gig for ‘gigabyte’. Other examples include:</p><p>air con (air conditioning) satnav (satellite navigation system)</p><p>uni (university) mobile (mobile phone) or (US) cell (cellphone)</p><p>carbs (carbohydrates) sci-fi (science fiction) high-tech (high-technology)</p><p>D Written abbreviations</p><p>Some abbreviations are most frequently used in writing.</p><p>PTO Please turn over (turn to the next page)</p><p>PS post script (written at the end of a message or letter, when you want to add something else)</p><p>RSVP Répondez s’il vous plaît (French, meaning ‘please answer’) (written at the end of an invitation,</p><p>to indicate that you should reply)</p><p>RIP Rest in peace (often written on a headstone where someone is buried after they have died)</p><p>162 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>78.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.</p><p>c1 Wherever I am in the world I listen to the news on the a ID.</p><p>2 Most websites have a page dealing with b PIN.</p><p>3 Holly took some money out of my wallet and left me an c BBC.</p><p>4 What kind of people we are depends on our d SAD.</p><p>5 They won’t let you into the club without any e FAQs.</p><p>6 You won’t be able to use the ATM if you’ve forgotten your f AWOL.</p><p>7 I don’t know where John can be - he’s gone g DNA.</p><p>8 I always feel lethargic in December - I think I suffer from h IOU.</p><p>78.2 Find abbreviations from A, B or C opposite to fit these categories.</p><p>1 Find two that relate to measurement. kilo gig</p><p>2 Find four that relate to food and health.</p><p>3 Find three that relate to money.</p><p>4 Find one that relates to sport.</p><p>5 Find three that are political organisations.</p><p>6 Find two that relate to equipment using sound or radio waves.</p><p>78.3 Fill each gap with an appropriate abbreviation or acronym.</p><p>1 Please could you buy me a kilo of apples?</p><p>2 William Barclay James Stubbs has been charged with burglary.</p><p>3 The surgeons used technology to carry out the operation.</p><p>4 My sister works in a very office using all the most up-to-date hardware and software.</p><p>5 Bats cannot see and use a kind of to find their way around.</p><p>6 When you’re driving it’s much easier to use a rather than a road atlas.</p><p>78.4 Complete the texts with the correct abbreviations from D opposite.</p><p>1 2</p><p>Party! I’ve gone shopping with Ana. Back around six.</p><p>At Sam and Beth’s house See you later. Emma</p><p>Saturday 14 August Tom phoned for you. Can you call him back?</p><p>8 till late</p><p>by 28 July</p><p>3 4</p><p>In loving memory of Patients should arrive ten minutes before</p><p>James Goodman their appointment time, and must inform</p><p>1945 - 2015 their doctor if they are unable to come to an</p><p>appointment.</p><p>78.5 Over to you</p><p>1 What’s the nearest uni to the place where you live?</p><p>2 Have you ever tried scuba diving?</p><p>3 Would you be happy to eat GM food?</p><p>4 Do you know anyone who has SAD?</p><p>5 What is the main source of carbs in your diet?</p><p>6 How common is air con in your country?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 163</p><p>Multi-word expressions79</p><p>Learning and remembering multi-word expressionsA</p><p>Fixed expressions, also known as idioms, often have meanings that are not clear or obvious. For</p><p>example, the expression to feel under the weather, which means ‘to feel unwell’, is typical. The</p><p>words do not tell us what it means, but the context usually helps.</p><p>Think of multi-word expressions as units, just like single words; always record the whole expression</p><p>in your notebook, along with information on grammar and collocation, e.g. This tin opener has seen</p><p>better days. [it is rather old and broken down; usually of things, always perfect tense form]</p><p>Multi-word expressions of this type are often rather informal and include a personal comment on</p><p>the situation. They are sometimes humorous or ironic. As with any informal words, be careful how</p><p>you use them. Never use them just to sound ‘fluent’ or ‘good at English’. In a formal situation with a</p><p>person you do not know, don’t say:</p><p>‘How do you do, Mrs Watson? Do take the weight off your feet.’ [sit down]</p><p>Instead say: ‘Do sit down’ or ‘Have a seat.’</p><p>Organising multi-word expressionsB</p><p>Multi-word expressions can be grouped in a variety of ways. It is probably best to use whichever way</p><p>you find most useful to help you remember them.</p><p>Grouping by grammar</p><p>get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick [misunderstand]</p><p>pull a fast one [trick/deceive someone] verb + object</p><p>poke your nose in(to) [interfere]</p><p>be over the moon [extremely happy/elated]</p><p>feel down in the dumps [depressed/low] verb + prepositional phrase</p><p>be in the red [have a negative bank balance]</p><p>Grouping by meaning, e.g. expressions describing people’s character/intellect</p><p>He’s as daft as a brush. [very stupid/silly]</p><p>She takes the biscuit. /ˈbɪskɪt/ [is the extreme / the worst of all]</p><p>They’re a pain in the neck. [a nuisance / a difficult person]</p><p>Little Sam’s as good as gold. [behaves very well - usually used about children]</p><p>Grouping by a verb or other key word, e.g. expressions with make</p><p>Why do you have to make a meal out of everything? [exaggerate the importance of</p><p>Southern Africa</p><p>The Caribbean</p><p>South America</p><p>Central</p><p>America</p><p>Regional groups and ethnic groups</p><p>People belong to ethnic groups and regional groups such as African-Caribbean, Asian, Latin</p><p>American, North African, Scandinavian, Southern African, European, Arabic. These can be used</p><p>as countable nouns or as adjectives.</p><p>Many Europeans enjoy travelling to the Far East to experience Asian cultures.</p><p>Arabic culture extends across a vast region of North Africa and the Middle East.</p><p>People speak dialects as well as languages. Everyone has a native language or first language</p><p>(sometimes called mother tongue); many have second and third languages. Some people are</p><p>expert in more than one language and are bilingual or multilingual. People who only know one</p><p>language are monolingual.</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>D</p><p>E</p><p>5</p><p>16 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Write the related adjectives in the correct columns.</p><p>Ireland Iceland Thailand Latvia Israel Switzerland China Pakistan</p><p>Turkey Arabia Brazil the Netherlands Korea Denmark</p><p>-(i) an -ic -ish -i -ese (other)</p><p>Latvian Irish</p><p>Match the countries with their world regions.</p><p>1 Sweden c a the Middle East</p><p>2 Cambodia b Southern Africa</p><p>3 Nicaragua c Scandinavia</p><p>4 Tunisia d East Asia</p><p>5 Saudi Arabia e Central America</p><p>6 Botswana f North Africa</p><p>Correct the mistakes in these newspaper headlines.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 17</p><p>New James Bond</p><p>to be played by a</p><p>Swedish!</p><p>1 MALTISH PRIME MINISTER</p><p>VISITS WASHINGTON</p><p>3BRITAIN’S HAVE HIGHEST</p><p>TAX RATE IN EUROPE</p><p>2</p><p>Swede</p><p>Iraqian delegation</p><p>meets Pakistanian</p><p>President</p><p>4 5</p><p>Police arrest Danish</p><p>on smuggling charge</p><p>Famous names. Can you name a famous …</p><p>1 Argentinian sportsman or woman? 5 Italian opera singer?</p><p>2 Spanish actor? 6 Irish rock-music band?</p><p>3 South African political leader? 7 American golfer?</p><p>4 Australian singer?</p><p>5.1</p><p>5.2</p><p>5.3</p><p>5.4</p><p>Lionel Messi</p><p>Exercises</p><p>5.5 Over to you</p><p>Complete the sentences so that they are true for you.</p><p>1 I am . (nationality)</p><p>2 My first language is .</p><p>3 I speak (number) language(s) fluently, so I am .</p><p>4 My ethnic/ regional group is .</p><p>5 I have visited these countries: .</p><p>6 I would like to travel to .</p><p>7 One language I would like to learn is .</p><p>8 I’ve never been to these two countries: and .</p><p>6 The weather</p><p>Cold weather</p><p>In Northern Europe, daytime1 temperatures are often</p><p>quite mild, even in late2 autumn. The days are often</p><p>misty3, foggy and damp4. Soon, winter arrives, with frost5,</p><p>icy roads and severe6 weather, including heavy snow.</p><p>As people expect the weather to be bad, they try and</p><p>keep warm so they don’t freeze! Freezing weather may</p><p>continue in the far north until May or even June, when the</p><p>ground starts to thaw /θɔː/7 and the ice melts8 again.</p><p>1 during the day 2 towards the end of a period of time 3 with clouds of small drops of water in the air,</p><p>making it difficult to see things in the distance 4 slightly wet, and not pleasant or comfortable</p><p>5 thin, white layer of ice on surfaces when the weather is very cold 6 extremely bad 7 change from hard,</p><p>frozen state to softer state 8 change from solid to liquid under heat</p><p>Warm/ hot weather</p><p>In a tropical1 climate, the weather is often stifling2, muggy3 and</p><p>humid4. In other hot climates, there may be boiling5 hot days, and</p><p>heatwaves6 may be common.</p><p>1 very hot, as in countries near the Equator 2 hot, uncomfortable, you can hardly</p><p>breathe 3 very warm and a little damp 4 hot and damp, makes you sweat a</p><p>lot 5 extremely hot 6 very hot, dry periods</p><p>Wet weather</p><p>shower heavy pour torrential flood</p><p>rain down rain</p><p>This wet weather scale gets stronger from left to right.</p><p>shower (noun) → heavy rain → pour down (verb) / downpour (noun) → torrential rain → flood</p><p>(noun and verb)</p><p>This rain won’t last long; it’s only a shower. [short period of rain]</p><p>There was quite heavy rain during the night. / It rained heavily during the night.</p><p>It was absolutely pouring down yesterday. / There was a real downpour.</p><p>In Malaysia there is usually torrential rain most days, and the roads sometimes get flooded. /</p><p>There are sometimes floods on the roads.</p><p>The sky’s a bit overcast; I think it’s going to rain. [very cloudy]</p><p>We had a drought /draʊt/ last summer. It didn’t rain for six weeks.</p><p>Wind</p><p>There was a gentle breeze on the beach, just enough to cool us.</p><p>There was a very strong/high wind and my umbrella blew away.</p><p>There was a gale that day, so we didn’t go sailing. [very high wind]</p><p>People stayed indoors because there was a hurricane on the way.</p><p>[extremely high, dangerous wind]</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>D</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>The noun weather is uncountable. We say: We had bad weather that day. (NOT We had a bad weather.)</p><p>18 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Answer the questions about the words in A opposite.</p><p>1 Which adjective could you use to describe something that is wet, but not very wet?</p><p>2 Which adjective would you use before ‘summer’ to refer to the end part of it?</p><p>3 Which verb means the temperature has gone up and there is no longer frost or ice?</p><p>4 Which word can be used to describe something that happens in the day?</p><p>5 What happens to ice cream on a very hot day?</p><p>6 If you see a thin, white covering on everything on a cold day, what is it?</p><p>7 If you can’t see things in the distance, what is the weather probably like?</p><p>8 Which two adjectives could you use to describe a wind that blows very hard?</p><p>9 Which adjective can you use to describe very bad weather?</p><p>What types of weather do these pictures suggest?</p><p>1 2 3 4</p><p>Rewrite the words in bold using words from B opposite.</p><p>I think it would be interesting to live in a hot climate. However, I don’t like</p><p>weather that is hot and damp and makes you sweat . I even dislike the days</p><p>that are slightly warm and damp which we get in the UK. Some people love</p><p>extremely hot days, and I don’t mind very hot, dry periods</p><p>occasionally, but when it’s hot and uncomfortable and you can hardly breathe ,</p><p>it’s just impossible. Maybe I should stay at home and forget about moving to a hot climate!</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 19</p><p>6.1</p><p>damp</p><p>6.2</p><p>hurricane</p><p>6.3</p><p>Exercises</p><p>What kinds of weather do you think caused the following to happen? Write a sentence</p><p>which could go before each of these. Use words from the opposite page.</p><p>1 We had to use the air-conditioning every afternoon.</p><p>2 The sweat was pouring out of us.</p><p>3 It just cooled us nicely on the hot beach.</p><p>4 Cars were sliding everywhere out of control.</p><p>5 The postman had to use a boat to get around.</p><p>6 You couldn’t really see the trees in the distance.</p><p>7 The earth became rock hard and a lot of plants died.</p><p>8 It blew the newspaper right out of my hands.</p><p>9 My hair and clothes got soaking wet.</p><p>10 It looked as if it would rain at any minute.</p><p>6.4</p><p>The weather was stifling .</p><p>6.5 Over to you</p><p>This chart shows anyone who wants to visit the West of Ireland what weather they can expect at</p><p>different times of the year. Make a similar chart for your country or home region.</p><p>Dec–Mar April–June July–Aug Sept–Nov</p><p>coldest months; usually generally cool, often warmest months; often mild, becoming</p><p>wet; heavy rain; snow on wet and windy but sunny, with showers; cold; damp, misty and</p><p>high ground getting warmer cool sea breezes foggy, often overcast</p><p>tropical</p><p>7 Describing people: appearance</p><p>Hair, face, skin and complexion /kəmˈplekʃən/</p><p>She’s got straight hair</p><p>and she’s thin-faced/</p><p>she’s got a thin face.</p><p>She’s got long, wavy hair</p><p>and she’s round-faced/</p><p>she’s got a round face.</p><p>20 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>She’s got curly hair</p><p>and is black.</p><p>He’s got a crew-cut.</p><p>He’s white.</p><p>He’s bald /bɔːld/ and</p><p>has freckles.</p><p>He’s got a beard and</p><p>moustache /mʊsˈtɑːʃ/</p><p>and has a chubby face.</p><p>He’s got receding</p><p>hair and a few</p><p>wrinkles /ˈrɪŋkəlz/.</p><p>He used to have black</p><p>hair but now it’s gone</p><p>grey, almost white.</p><p>What sort of person would you find attractive? Blonde, fair, dark or ginger-haired / red-haired?</p><p>She has such beautiful auburn hair. /ˈɔːbən/ [red-brown]</p><p>Fair and dark can be used for hair, complexion or skin. Some people like getting a tan in summer</p><p>[exposing their skin to the sun so</p><p>everything]</p><p>I think we should make a move. It’s gone ten o’clock. [go/leave]</p><p>Most politicians are on the make. I don’t trust any of them.</p><p>[wanting money/power for oneself]</p><p>I’m afraid I’m making heavy weather of my essay. [making slow and difficult progress]</p><p>Grammar of multi-word expressionsC</p><p>It is important when using these expressions to know just how flexible their grammar is. Some are</p><p>more fixed than others. For instance, barking up the wrong tree [be mistaken] is always used in</p><p>continuous, not simple form, e.g. I think you’re barking up the wrong tree.</p><p>(NOT I think you bark up the wrong tree.)</p><p>A good dictionary may help, but it is best to observe the grammar in real examples.</p><p>Note how Units 89-94 group expressions in different ways.</p><p>For more information on multi-word expressions, see English Idioms in Use by</p><p>Michael McCarthy and Felicity O’Dell.</p><p>164 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>79.1 Complete the expressions from A and B opposite.</p><p>the moon1 When I passed all my exams, I felt over .</p><p>2 This printer isn’t working again! It’s a pain .</p><p>3 It’s almost midnight! I’d better be making .</p><p>4 I spent too much money last month and now I’m in .</p><p>5 It’s time to change my laptop. It’s five years old and has seen .</p><p>6 She is the absolute limit! She really takes .</p><p>7 Oh dear, Matthew completely misunderstood me. He always seems to get .</p><p>8 I’m sorry. I do some really stupid things. You must think I’m as daft .</p><p>9 I wonder what’s wrong with Ursula? She looks down .</p><p>10 I don’t trust politicians. Most of them are just on the .</p><p>79.2 Which expressions from the opposite page do these pictures remind you of?</p><p>1 be over the moon 3</p><p>2 4</p><p>79.3 Which is correct, (a) or (b)? Check with A and B opposite.</p><p>b1 Sit down and (a) get (b) take the weight off your feet.</p><p>2 Why does she always have to (a) poke (b) peek her nose into other people’s affairs?</p><p>3 I was feeling (a) under (b) below the weather, so I didn’t go to work.</p><p>4 Zoe pulled a (a) quick (b) fast one and didn’t pay for her share of the meal.</p><p>5 All right, all right! You don’t have to (a) cook (b) make a meal out of it!</p><p>6 He’s really making (a) heavy (b) bad weather of what should be a simple task.</p><p>79.4 Without using a dictionary, try to work out the meaning of the underlined expressions</p><p>from the context.</p><p>1 It’s midnight. It’s time to hit the sack. go to bed</p><p>2 This is just kid’s stuff. I want something more difficult and challenging!</p><p>3 I feel fit as a fiddle ever since I started going regularly to the gym.</p><p>4 I can’t understand why he’s giving me the cold shoulder. He’s usually so friendly.</p><p>5 I haven’t seen Simone for ages. We only get together once in a blue moon.</p><p>6 I think I’ve got the hang of this photo-editing program now, though it was complicated at first.</p><p>79.5 Over to you</p><p>Try a grouping exercise with six expressions from the opposite page, using any of the methods</p><p>suggested in B. Which type of grouping works best for the expressions you chose?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 165</p><p>Words commonly mispronounced80</p><p>A Vowels</p><p>The phonetic transcription is provided for some of the words below. Check you understand the</p><p>symbols, which are used by most good dictionaries (see page 258).</p><p>To master English pronunciation it is helpful to learn the 22 phonemic symbols for English vowel</p><p>sounds. These are important because the vowel letters can be pronounced in many different ways:</p><p>a cat /æ/ about /ə/ wander /ɒ/ last /aː/ late /eɪ/ e met /e/ meter /iː/ /ə/</p><p>i alive /aɪ/ give /ɪ/ o sorry /ɒ/ go /eʊ/ love /ʌ/ to /uː/</p><p>u put /ʊ/ cut /ʌ/ cupid /juː/ ea head /e/ team /iː/ react /iːæ/</p><p>ie fiend /iː/ friend /e/ science /aɪə/ ou our /aʊ/ route /uː/ would /ʊ/</p><p>ei rein /eɪ/ receive /iɪ/ reinforce /iːɪ/ oo cool /uː/ cook /ʊ/ coopt /əʊɒ/</p><p>B Silent letters</p><p>The letters below in bold are silent in the examples:</p><p>p psychic /ˈsaɪkɪk/ psychiatry pneumatic receipt pseudonym psychology</p><p>b comb /kəʊm/ dumb numb tomb climb womb lamb</p><p>b doubt /daut/ subtle debt debtor</p><p>l could /kʊd/ should calm half talk palm walk salmon chalk</p><p>h honour /ɒnə/ honourable honest hour hourly heir heiress</p><p>t whistle /ˈwɪsəl/ castle listen fasten soften Christmas</p><p>k knee /niː/ knife know knob knowledge</p><p>knot knit Language help</p><p>r card /kaːd/ park farm burn work</p><p>The letter ‘r’ is not silent in somestorm tart</p><p>varieties of English, for example(unless followed by a vowel) mother /ˈmʌðə/ sister American, Irish, Scottish.</p><p>teacher water</p><p>C Changing stress</p><p>Some two-syllable words in English have the same form for the noun and the verb. The stress is on</p><p>the first syllable of the word when it is a noun and the second syllable when it is a verb, e.g. Wool is a</p><p>major Scottish export. Scotland exports a lot of wool. Here are some other words like this.</p><p>conduct conflict contest decrease suspect record</p><p>desert import increase insult transfer reject</p><p>permit present progress protest transport upset</p><p>Multi-syllable words in English tend to put their main stress on the third syllable from the end, e.g.</p><p>photograph, telephone, arithmetic. As a result, as a long word adds suffixes its word stress does not</p><p>stay on the same syllable, e.g. photographer, telephony, arithmetical. Note that, although this rule is</p><p>useful, it does have plenty of exceptions.</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>These words are often mispronounced.</p><p>apostrophe /əˈpɒstrəfi/ catastrophe /kəˈtæstrəfi/ cupboard /ˈkʌbəd/</p><p>recipe /ˈresɪpi/ vegetables /ˈvedʒtəblz/ sword /ˈsɔːd/</p><p>ought /ɔːt/ muscle /ˈmʌsəl/ interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/</p><p>166 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>80.1 Underline all the silent letters in the following sentences.</p><p>1 They sang a psalm to honour the memory of the world-famous psychologist as</p><p>she was laid to rest in the family tomb.</p><p>2 The psychiatrist was knifed in the knee as she was walking home.</p><p>3 He should have whistled as he fastened his sword to his belt.</p><p>4 You could have left me half the Christmas cake on Wednesday.</p><p>80.2 Which word is the odd one out in each of these groups?</p><p>1 worry, sorry, lorry worry 5 doubt, could, shout</p><p>2 sword, cord, word 6 cough, rough, tough</p><p>3 come, some, dome 7 land, wand, sand</p><p>4 head, plead, tread 8 soot, root, foot</p><p>80.3 What word could a poet use to rhyme with each of the words</p><p>below? Use your dictionary to check the pronunciation.</p><p>1 enough stuff</p><p>2 plough</p><p>3 through</p><p>4 cough</p><p>5 though</p><p>80.4 Circle or highlight the stressed syllable in each of the underlined words.</p><p>1 They paid a £1 million transfer fee to transfer the player to their team.</p><p>2 Although they suspected several people were partly involved, the police decided to concentrate on Jo</p><p>as the main suspect.</p><p>3 There are conflicting views as to the cause of the conflict.</p><p>4 All this upset over the wedding has really upset them.</p><p>5 The cost of living has increased while there has been a decrease in wages.</p><p>6 A work permit permits you to work for a period of six months.</p><p>7 I wish I could record a hit record!</p><p>8 Despite the disgraceful conduct of the audience, James went on conducting the orchestra.</p><p>80.5 Write out the words below using the normal English alphabet.</p><p>1 /ˈmʌsl/ muscle 3 /ˈhæŋketʃiːf/ 5 /ˈsʌtel/ 7 /haɪt/</p><p>2 /kəˈtæstrəfi/ 4 /'kemIkəl/ 6 /r@'siːt/ 8 /'resIpi/</p><p>80.6 Underline the stressed syllable in each of the words below.</p><p>1 photograph photography photographer photographically</p><p>2 zoology zoologist zoological</p><p>3 arithmetic arithmetical arithmetician</p><p>4 psychology psychologist psychological</p><p>5 psychiatry psychiatric psychiatrist</p><p>80.7 Find words on the opposite page to match each definition. Say them aloud.</p><p>1 cooking instructions recipe 4 a punctuation mark</p><p>2 between warm and cold 5 the opposite of descend</p><p>3 an old weapon 6 describes a sea that isn’t rough</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 167</p><p>Onomatopoeic words81</p><p>A What are onomatopoeic words?</p><p>Onomatopoeic words are those which seem to sound like their meaning. The most obvious examples</p><p>are verbs for the noises which animals make.</p><p>lions roarcows moo cats meow and purr bees buzz small birds tweet</p><p>B Letters, sounds and their associations</p><p>Certain combinations of sounds</p><p>that it goes darker], although the risks of getting sunburnt are well</p><p>known.</p><p>Height and build</p><p>Fat may sound impolite. Instead we can say that someone is rather plump or stout, or a bit</p><p>overweight. If someone is broad and solid, we can say they are stocky. A person with good muscles</p><p>can be well-built or muscular. [generally said about men] Someone who is very fat can be described</p><p>as obese /əʊˈbiːs/, especially when talking in a medical context.</p><p>Someone who is thin can be described as slim [positive] or skinny [negative]. If someone has a nice</p><p>figure, they have an attractive shape. [generally said about women]</p><p>General appearance</p><p>She’s a very smart and elegant woman, always well-dressed; her husband is quite the opposite,</p><p>very scruffy and untidy-looking / messy-looking.</p><p>Chloe looked stunning in her red dress. [very attractive]</p><p>He’s very good-looking, but his friend’s rather unattractive. [opp attractive]</p><p>Her eyes are her best feature. [the most attractive</p><p>part of her face]</p><p>Do you think beautiful women are always</p><p>attracted to handsome men? I don’t. I think</p><p>personality matters most.</p><p>First impressions are always important.</p><p>[your first reaction to someone]</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>Language help</p><p>The suffix -ish is useful for describing people</p><p>(see Unit 70). She’s tallish. He has brownish</p><p>hair. He must be thirtyish / in his thirties.</p><p>Choose a word from the opposite page to complete these sentences.</p><p>1 I wish I could get a like yours but my skin just goes red in the sun.</p><p>2 My cousin used to have a lovely but she’s put on weight in all the wrong places since</p><p>she stopped taking much exercise.</p><p>3 Thomas’s eyes are his best – they’re so large and sparkly and such a deep brown.</p><p>4 Jess is in her thirties but she still has the same lovely fresh as her young daughter has.</p><p>5 Staff at the bank were told to dress smartly for work so they would always create a</p><p>good on customers.</p><p>6 I’d call her rather than ginger-haired – her hair’s dark brown with just a tinge of red in it.</p><p>7 George says that the round his eyes just show that he has smiled a lot in his life.</p><p>8 Even in jeans Alina manages to look .</p><p>9 Carla looks beautiful in old clothes and without any make-up but when she’s dressed up for an</p><p>evening out she’s absolutely .</p><p>Answer these remarks with the opposite description.</p><p>1 A: I thought you said he was the short, chubby one.</p><p>B:</p><p>2 A: Was that his brother, the one with wavy hair?</p><p>B: No, completely the opposite, his brother’s</p><p>3 A: She’s always quite well-dressed, so I’ve heard.</p><p>B: What! Who told you that? Every time I see her, she’s</p><p>4 A: So Charlene’s that rather plump, fair-haired woman, is she?</p><p>B: No, you’re looking at the wrong one. Charlene’s</p><p>5 A: So, tell us about the new boss; good-looking?</p><p>B: No, I’m afraid not; rather</p><p>6 A: I don’t know why, but I expected the tour guide to be fiftyish or rather plump.</p><p>B: No, apparently she’s only</p><p>WANTED! MISSING! Complete the gaps in these police posters with your own ideas.</p><p>WANTED</p><p>FOR MURDER</p><p>WANTED FOR</p><p>ARMED ROBBERY MISSING</p><p>Jasmin Kaur, Age 7,</p><p>Asian, height 4ft,</p><p>thin-..............................</p><p>....................................... ,</p><p>................................. hair</p><p>WANTED</p><p>DEAD OR ALIVE</p><p>Jack ‘Dagger’ Flagstone</p><p>White, height 6ft,</p><p>............................. , with</p><p>................ and ............... ;</p><p>............................... build.</p><p>White, height 5ft 4,</p><p>.............................. hair,</p><p>............................. build,</p><p>............................ -faced</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 21</p><p>7.1</p><p>tan</p><p>7.2</p><p>No, no, no, not at all, he’s the tall, thin-faced one.</p><p>7.3</p><p>Exercises</p><p>Ian Prowse</p><p>White, height 6ft,</p><p>............................. -faced,</p><p>................................. hair,</p><p>................................. skin</p><p>7.4 Over to you</p><p>Sandra King</p><p>Write a description of each of these people, giving information about their hair and face, their</p><p>height and build and general appearance:</p><p>1 you yourself</p><p>2 your best friend</p><p>3 a neighbour</p><p>4 your ideal of a handsome man / a beautiful woman</p><p>8 Describing people: personality</p><p>Intellectual ability</p><p>lots of ability intelligent bright clever sharp shrewd</p><p>able gifted talented brainy (informal)</p><p>lacking ability stupid foolish simple silly brainless daft</p><p>dumb dim thick</p><p>(the last five are predominantly informal words, and they can all be</p><p>offensive)</p><p>clever, in a negative way, using</p><p>brains to trick or deceive</p><p>cunning crafty sly</p><p>Attitudes towards life</p><p>Amal is pessimistic while Nia is optimistic – he always expects the worst to happen while she looks</p><p>on the bright side.</p><p>It is strange that one of the twins is so extroverted while the other is so introverted – Ben loves</p><p>being the focus of attention while Jake prefers to be alone with his thoughts.</p><p>I feel very tense (or wound up / stressed out**) after a very busy day at work but, after a hot bath,</p><p>I’ll soon feel relaxed.</p><p>Eva is very sensible – she’d never do anything stupid. In other words, she’s very practical and</p><p>down-to-earth.</p><p>Roberto is very sensitive – he gets very upset (or worked-up, more informal), if he feels people are</p><p>criticising him.</p><p>Attitude towards other people</p><p>Enjoying others’ company: sociable gregarious*</p><p>Disagreeing with others: quarrelsome argumentative</p><p>Taking pleasure in others’ pain: cruel sadistic</p><p>Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going even-tempered laid-back**</p><p>Not polite to others: impolite rude ill-mannered discourteous*</p><p>Telling the truth to others: honest trustworthy reliable sincere</p><p>Unhappy if others have what you do not have yourself: jealous envious</p><p>One person’s meat is another person’s poison</p><p>Some characteristics can be either positive or negative depending on your point of view. The words</p><p>in the right-hand column mean roughly the same as the words in the left-hand column except that</p><p>they have negative rather than positive connotations.</p><p>positive associations negative associations</p><p>determined obstinate stubborn pig-headed</p><p>thrifty economical stingy mean tight-fisted miserly*</p><p>self-assured confident self-important arrogant full of yourself**</p><p>unconventional original eccentric odd peculiar weird**</p><p>frank direct open blunt abrupt brusque curt</p><p>broad-minded unprincipled permissive</p><p>enquiring* inquisitive nosy**</p><p>generous extravagant</p><p>innocent naive</p><p>ambitious pushy**</p><p>assertive aggressive bossy**</p><p>* These words are much more common in written than in spoken English.</p><p>** These words are much more common in spoken than in written English.</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>D</p><p>22 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Match the words on the left with their opposites on the right.</p><p>1 clever f a introverted</p><p>2 extroverted b tight-fisted</p><p>3 rude c courteous</p><p>4 cruel d gregarious</p><p>5 generous e kind-hearted</p><p>6 unsociable f dim</p><p>Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people in these sentences? Reword each</p><p>sentence to give the opposite impression (negative rather than positive or vice versa).</p><p>1 Carmen’s very thrifty. Likes - Carmen's very stingy.</p><p>2 Molly’s usually frank.</p><p>3 Grace is quite broad-minded.</p><p>4 Sam can be aggressive.</p><p>5 Nico’s quite bossy.</p><p>6 I find Marcus self-important.</p><p>7 Don’t you think James is nosy?</p><p>8 Freya is very original.</p><p>Pair the words that have similar meanings.</p><p>brainless - silly</p><p>brainless curt</p><p>brusque direct</p><p>crafty down-to-earth</p><p>cunning frank</p><p>gifted</p><p>honest</p><p>impolite</p><p>miserly</p><p>rude</p><p>sensible</p><p>silly</p><p>talented</p><p>tense</p><p>tight-fisted</p><p>trustworthy</p><p>wound up</p><p>Magazines often publish questionnaires which are supposed to analyse aspects of your</p><p>personality. Look at the words below and match them to the corresponding question.</p><p>pessimistic argumentative sensitive sociable</p><p>extravagant assertive inquisitive reliable</p><p>1 If you arrange to meet at 7 pm, do you arrive at 7 pm?</p><p>2 When you have a problem, do you think the worst will happen?</p><p>3 Do you find it easy to tell your boss if you feel he or she has treated you badly?</p><p>4 Do you always look out of the window if you hear a car draw up?</p><p>5 Do you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason?</p><p>6 Do you frequently disagree with what other people say?</p><p>7 Do you lie awake</p><p>at night if someone has said something unkind to you?</p><p>8 Do you prefer to be in the company of other people?</p><p>What questions like those in 8.4 could you ask to find out if a person is the following?</p><p>1 thrifty Do you use up leftover food?</p><p>8.1</p><p>8.2</p><p>8.3</p><p>8.4</p><p>reliable</p><p>8.5</p><p>2 blunt</p><p>3 sensible</p><p>4 intelligent</p><p>5 even-tempered</p><p>6 original</p><p>7 obstinate</p><p>8 stressed out</p><p>8.6</p><p>Exercises</p><p>Over to you</p><p>Choose two people who are important in your life. Describe them using adjectives in this unit</p><p>and give reasons why you chose each adjective.</p><p>EXAMPLE My brother is sociable because he loves being with other people.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 23</p><p>9 Idioms describing people</p><p>A Positive and negative qualities</p><p>positive negative</p><p>She has a heart of gold. [very kind, generous] She’s as hard as nails. [no sympathy for others]</p><p>He’s as good as gold. [helpful, well-behaved; used</p><p>generally for children]</p><p>He’s a nasty piece of work. [unpleasant]</p><p>Note also:</p><p>Her heart’s in the right place. [is a good and kind person even though they do not always seem so]</p><p>He’s such an awkward customer. [difficult person to deal with]</p><p>She’s a pain in the neck. Nobody likes her. [nuisance, difficult]</p><p>He gets on everyone’s nerves. [irritates everybody]</p><p>B Idioms based on ‘head’</p><p>You can learn idioms by associating them with a key word or words. Two of the idioms in A, for</p><p>example, are based on gold and two on heart. Here is a set of idioms describing people based on the</p><p>word head.</p><p>to have</p><p>your head screwed on [be sensible, informal]</p><p>a head for heights [not suffer from vertigo]</p><p>a head like a sieve [bad memory]</p><p>a good head for figures [be good at maths]</p><p>your head in the clouds [unaware of reality]</p><p>to be head and shoulders above someone [much better than]</p><p>to bury your head in the sand [refuse to think about a difficult situation in the hope you won’t have to</p><p>deal with it]</p><p>to keep your head [stay calm in a difficult situation]</p><p>C How people relate to the social norm</p><p>She’s a bit of an odd-ball. [peculiar, strange]</p><p>He’s really over the top. [very exaggerated in behaviour]</p><p>He’s (gone) round the bend, if you ask me. [absolutely crazy/mad]</p><p>My politics are very middle- of- the- road. [very normal; no radical ideas; neither left- nor right-wing]</p><p>D Who’s who in the class? Idioms for people in the classroom</p><p>Sam’s teacher’s pet. [teacher’s favourite] Laura’s top of the class.</p><p>Harry is a real know-all. [thinks he knows everything]</p><p>Ali’s a bit of a big-head. [has a high opinion of him/herself] Anna’s a lazy-bones.</p><p>The last three idioms are used of people outside the classroom situation too.</p><p>24 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>Try to complete these idioms from memory if possible.</p><p>1 She does a lot of voluntary work; she has a heart …</p><p>2 Don’t expect any sympathy from the boss; she’s as hard …</p><p>3 I’m sure Ahmed will help you; he’s as good …</p><p>4 Although Florian sometimes seems a bit bad-tempered his heart is …</p><p>5 I don’t think you’ll like him; he’s a nasty …</p><p>6 I try to avoid having much to do with Liam. He’s rather an …</p><p>What do we call …</p><p>1 an irritating person who knows everything?</p><p>2 the person who is the teacher’s favourite?</p><p>3 someone who thinks they are the best and says so?</p><p>4 the one who gets the best marks?</p><p>5 a person who is very lazy?</p><p>Complete the sentences using an idiom from B.</p><p>1 I’d better write it in my notebook. I have …</p><p>2 Ask Martha to check those sums. She has …</p><p>3 Don’t ask me to go up that tower. I’m afraid I don’t …</p><p>4 She’s very sensible and knows what she’s doing. She …</p><p>5 He’s quite out of touch with reality. He really …</p><p>6 The problem won’t go away so there’s no point …</p><p>7 Max is top of the class, … everyone else.</p><p>8 Even when others around him are panicking Raul always …</p><p>Which part of the body might a difficult person (a) get on (b) be a pain in?</p><p>Which of the idioms opposite do you think these pictures represent?</p><p>1 2 3 4</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 25</p><p>9.1</p><p>of gold.</p><p>9.2</p><p>a know-all</p><p>9.3</p><p>a head like a sieve.</p><p>9.4</p><p>9.5</p><p>an odd-ball</p><p>9.6 Over to you</p><p>Choose five idioms from this unit that you could use to describe people that you know.</p><p>Relationships</p><p>Types of relationship</p><p>ANITA: Are you and Holly best friends?</p><p>LUCY: She’s a good friend – she’s not my best friend.</p><p>ANITA: But she’s more than just a casual acquaintance1, right?</p><p>LUCY: Oh, yes. We were housemates2 at university.</p><p>ANITA: Really? So how did you first meet her?</p><p>LUCY: I met her through my ex3, Kallum. She wasn’t in a steady4 relationship with anyone at the</p><p>time, and she was looking for someone to share a room.</p><p>ANITA: Uh- huh. Is that Kallum who’s now Olivia’s partner5?</p><p>LUCY: Yeah, that’s the one. They’re not just partners, they’re married and they’re colleagues too.</p><p>They’re saving to buy a house now, so Kallum’s living with his parents-in-law6 at the moment.</p><p>1 a person you have met but you don’t know well 2 mate [friend; infml] is used in compound nouns to</p><p>describe a person you share something with, e.g. classmate, roommate, workmate, flatmate, housemate.</p><p>Workmate is common in non-professional or informal contexts; colleague is common among professional</p><p>people, and sounds more formal. 3 ex-can be used without (informally) or with another word: ex-girlfriend,</p><p>ex-husband, etc. 4 fixed and not changing suddenly 5 partner is used for someone you live with but are not</p><p>married to, or for a business relationship where you share the ownership or running of a company 6 his wife’s</p><p>parents (his mother-in-law and father-in-law)</p><p>Internet relationships</p><p>MyBook Home Profile Friends Inbox</p><p>If you join a social network, you can acquire friends (people you share personal information with)</p><p>and build up your list of contacts. You can invite people to become your friends, and you can</p><p>choose to accept new friends who invite you. You can interact with your friends by exchanging</p><p>messages or posting comments on their page. You can also share photos and tag your friends</p><p>(name them in photos that you post). If you want to fi nish a relationship, you can unfriend/</p><p>defriend that person.</p><p>Liking and not liking someone</p><p>core verb positive (stronger) negative</p><p>like love adore idolise dislike can’t stand loathe /ləʊð/</p><p>respect look up to admire look down on despise</p><p>attract be attracted to fancy (infml) leave someone cold</p><p>She doesn’t just like Ben, she idolises him. I can’t stand him.</p><p>I really fancy Charlotte, but her friend just leaves me cold / doesn’t do anything for me.</p><p>Phrases and idioms for relationships and dating</p><p>Lily and I get on well (with each other). [have a good relationship]</p><p>Jack and Amelia don’t see eye to eye. [often argue/disagree]</p><p>I’ve fallen out with my parents again. [had arguments]</p><p>Carl is having an affair with his boss. [a sexual relationship, usually secret]</p><p>Let’s try and make it up. [be friends again after a row/quarrel]</p><p>He’s dating a Spanish girl. They’ve been seeing each other for a couple of months. [meeting and</p><p>spending time together]</p><p>They met at a party and got together soon after. [started a romantic relationship]</p><p>Common mistakes</p><p>We say: People make friends. (NOT get friends or find friends)</p><p>It’s often difficult to make new friends when you move to another city. (NOT It’s often difficult to get friends ...)</p><p>10</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>D</p><p>26 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Use words with the suffix -mate to rewrite these sentences.</p><p>1 This is Jack. He and I share a flat. This is Jack. He and I are flatmates.</p><p>2 Mike was the person I shared a room with at university.</p><p>3 We were in the same class together in 2006, weren’t we?</p><p>4 She’s not really a friend; she’s just someone I work with.</p><p>5 Abbie is always arguing with the people she shares a house with.</p><p>How many sentences can you write about the relationships between the people in the</p><p>pictures, using words from the opposite page?</p><p>EXAMPLE Jon and Erica are colleagues.</p><p>1 2 3 4</p><p>Complete the text messages with the correct form of words from B opposite.</p><p>Have you checked your social media this morning? Sam has 1 you in a really funny</p><p>photo and 2 it with everyone!</p><p>My grandma</p><p>has just3 me to be her friend online! Don’t know if I should</p><p>4 or not.</p><p>I’m going to 5 Emma if she keeps posting nasty 6 about me online.</p><p>What do you think the relationships between the people below would be? Use the verbs,</p><p>phrases and idioms opposite.</p><p>1 a teenage music fan: (a) parents He/ She might like/ dislike his/ her parents. (b) pop star (c) strict</p><p>teacher (d) mate</p><p>2 a personal assistant: (a) another personal assistant (b) the boss (c) a very attractive workmate</p><p>3 a 45-year-old: (a) teenagers (b) ex-husband/wife who was cruel</p><p>Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake.</p><p>1 Rosie and Matt don’t get on eye to eye.</p><p>2 I fell up with my parents last night. It wasn’t my fault.</p><p>3 We had a quarrel but now we’ve made it well.</p><p>4 Do you think Josh and Nuala are making an affair? I do.</p><p>5 I see very well with all my colleagues at work.</p><p>6 Jo’s attractive, but her mate just makes me cold completely.</p><p>7 Maria seems to find it difficult to get friends among her classmates.</p><p>8 I met my boyfriend at a party and we became together soon after.</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 27</p><p>10.1</p><p>10.2</p><p>10.3</p><p>10.4</p><p>10.5</p><p>see</p><p>Exercises</p><p>10.6 Over to you</p><p>Complete the sentences so they are true for you.</p><p>is a good friend of mine. is just a casual acquaintance.</p><p>Someone I look up to is . A famous person I loathe is .</p><p>Someone I once fancied was . Someone I adore is .</p><p>11 At home</p><p>Types of houses/places people live in</p><p>bungalow semi-detached house</p><p>self-contained flat: does not share facilities with any other</p><p>cottage: a small house in the country or in a village</p><p>studio flat: a small apartment for one or two people, usually with one large room for sleeping and</p><p>living in, a bathroom and sometimes a separate kitchen</p><p>villa: a large house with big gardens or a rented house in a holiday resort / tourist area</p><p>Places in the home</p><p>You probably already know the names of most rooms and locations in a typical home.</p><p>Here are some less common ones and what they are for.</p><p>master/main bedroom: the largest, most important bedroom</p><p>utility room: usually just for the washing machine, freezer, etc.</p><p>shed: small building separated from the house usually for storing garden tools</p><p>attic/loft: space in the roof of a house used for storing things; it can also be converted into an extra</p><p>living space with stairs leading up to it (attic/loft conversion)</p><p>cellar: room below ground level, no windows, used for storing things</p><p>basement: room below ground level, with windows, for living/working</p><p>studio: a room in which a painter or photographer works</p><p>landing: flat area at the top of a staircase</p><p>hall/hallway: open area as you come into a house</p><p>porch: covered area before an entrance door</p><p>terrace or patio: paved area between house and garden for sitting and eating, etc.</p><p>drive: a short road leading from the street to the house or garage; you can drive/park on it</p><p>Everyday objects in the home</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>remote (control)</p><p>28 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>socket</p><p>phone charger</p><p>table mat</p><p>corkscrew</p><p>toilet roll</p><p>(coat) hanger</p><p>peeler</p><p>chopping</p><p>board</p><p>dustpan and brush grater</p><p>ironing board</p><p>/ˈaɪənɪŋ bɔːd/ Common mistakes</p><p>You do housework, do the ironing,</p><p>do the hoovering, do the washing-up.</p><p>(NOT make housework)</p><p>detached house</p><p>not joined to any</p><p>other house</p><p>terraced house</p><p>joined to several</p><p>houses to form a row</p><p>semi-(infml): joined</p><p>to one other house</p><p>a house with only one</p><p>storey (no upstairs)</p><p>Where in a typical house would you look for the following things?</p><p>1 garden tools 5 the remote</p><p>2 a toilet roll 6 an ironing board</p><p>3 table mats 7 a socket</p><p>4 a hanger 8 a porch</p><p>9 a grater</p><p>10 old empty</p><p>boxes</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 29</p><p>in the shed</p><p>Label the places in the house.</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3 4</p><p>5</p><p>Fill the gaps with a suitable word.</p><p>1 The old house had a big underneath it, where the family used to keep wine.</p><p>2 I’ll prepare the potatoes and then you can do the cooking. Where’s the ?</p><p>3 Put a under the coffee pot in case you mark that table. It’s an antique.</p><p>4 Let’s open this bottle. Do you know where the is?</p><p>5 We keep our skis up in the . They’re out of the way up there.</p><p>6 You’ll find the garden chairs in the at the bottom of the garden. Bring them</p><p>up and we’ll have a drink on the and watch the sunset.</p><p>7 The light switch for the stairs is on the just by your bedroom door.</p><p>8 Grandma’s moved to a now she can’t manage the stairs any more at her age.</p><p>9 Leave your car in the , just in front of the garage. It’ll be safe there.</p><p>Answer these questions about everyday objects.</p><p>1 How can you make very small pieces of cheese to sprinkle on a dish? .</p><p>2 Whatmightyoufetchifsomeonedroppedacupanditbrokeintosmallpiecesonthefloor?</p><p>3 What do you need if your phone battery is flat?</p><p>4 How can you switch off the TV without leaving your chair?</p><p>5 How can you cut vegetables without marking the kitchen work surface?</p><p>6 What might you offer a visitor if they want to take off their jacket?</p><p>11.1</p><p>11.2</p><p>11.3</p><p>cellar</p><p>11.4</p><p>Use a grater</p><p>Exercises</p><p>11.5 Over to you</p><p>Answer these questions about yourself.</p><p>1 Is your house detached? What sort is it if not?</p><p>2 Would you like to live in a studio flat? Why (not)?</p><p>3 Which of these household jobs do you most enjoy and which do you least enjoy – doing</p><p>the washing-up / the washing / the ironing / the gardening / the hoovering / the dusting /</p><p>the cooking?</p><p>12 Everyday minor problems</p><p>A Things that go wrong in houses and flats</p><p>This pipe’s leaking.</p><p>He kicked the football too hard and it smashed a window.</p><p>This pot is cracked.</p><p>The batteries in this torch have run out / are dead. I’ll have to get some more.</p><p>I’m sorry, your cup’s chipped. Let me get you another one.</p><p>The lights aren’t working – there’s been a power cut.</p><p>The door handle’s come off / fallen off.</p><p>The washing machine broke down the other day.</p><p>I’m sorry, the biscuits were at the bottom of my bag and they got crushed by the potatoes!</p><p>My computer keeps crashing today!</p><p>Everyday minor injuries</p><p>She twisted her ankle coming down the stairs. I bumped/banged my head against the cupboard</p><p>door and got a bruise. [/bruːz/ dark area on your skin where you have hurt yourself]</p><p>Kelly tripped and fell down and grazed her knee this morning. [if you trip you almost fall down because</p><p>you hit your foot against something; if you graze something, it becomes red with broken skin, but no blood]</p><p>Other everyday minor problems</p><p>I’ve mislaid my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? [put it somewhere and can’t find it]</p><p>She spilt some coffee on the carpet. I hope it doesn’t leave a stain. [permanent mark]</p><p>The sink is blocked. [the water will not run away]</p><p>I’m afraid I’ve dented your car. I’m really sorry. I’ll pay for the repairs. [bent the metal a little bit by</p><p>hitting something]</p><p>My mouse has stopped working; it could be a software problem.</p><p>I’ve locked myself out. Can I use your phone to ring my wife?</p><p>The car won’t start. I hope it’s nothing serious. Perhaps the battery’s flat.</p><p>The kitchen clock’s slow/fast/stopped. What time d’you make it?</p><p>Language help</p><p>Words often belong to more than one word class. In this unit, the following words can be used as</p><p>verbs or as countable nouns:</p><p>flood crack chip bump bang bruise graze dent stain lock</p><p>Always make a special note of any word that belongs to more than one word class.</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>30 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>What do you think happened to make these people do/ say what they did?</p><p>1 We had to send for a plumber. Maybe a pipe was leaking.</p><p>2 I had to call out a local mechanic.</p><p>3 Our neighbours let us use their washing machine.</p><p>4 Don’t worry, the handle often does that – I’ll fix it back on.</p><p>5 Luckily, that was all it was; the skin was broken a bit, but there was no blood.</p><p>6 What type of batteries does it take? I’ll get some for you.</p><p>7 I don’t know where you’ve put them. Try the bedside table.</p><p>8 I left it in the oven too long. It’s all black on the top now!</p><p>9 I lost all my work – I know I should have saved it more often!</p><p>Odd one out. Which of the three words is the odd one out in each case?</p><p>1 spill, flood,</p><p>chip chip - the other two involve liquids</p><p>2 stain, graze, bruise 4 leak, smash, chip</p><p>3 run out, bump, flat 5 leak, dent, flood</p><p>Here is a matrix with the names of things and things that can go wrong with them.</p><p>Put a tick (✓) for things that typically go together.</p><p>car vase elbow clock printer sink a meal</p><p>banged</p><p>ruined</p><p>cracked</p><p>broken down</p><p>dented</p><p>stopped</p><p>blocked</p><p>✓</p><p>Write five sentences using combinations of words where you wrote a tick.</p><p>EXAMPLE This clock has stopped - perhaps it needs new batteries.</p><p>Complete these sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page.</p><p>1 We had to use candles because</p><p>2 I didn’t look where I was going as I walked through the low doorway and</p><p>3 The wind blew the door shut and I realised I’d</p><p>4 I would ring her but I’m afraid I’ve</p><p>5 I can’t take a photo, my camera’s</p><p>6 I tried to run over the rocks but I</p><p>7 I accidentally sat on my bag of crisps and they</p><p>12.1</p><p>12.2</p><p>12.3</p><p>12.4</p><p>there was a power cut.</p><p>Exercises</p><p>12.5 Over to you</p><p>What would you do if …</p><p>1 you mislaid your credit card?</p><p>2 you noticed your guest’s glass was chipped?</p><p>3 one of your coat buttons came off?</p><p>4 your mobile phone stopped working?</p><p>5 you bruised your forehead?</p><p>6 your watch was slow?</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 31</p><p>13 Global problems</p><p>Disasters/tragedies</p><p>earthquake</p><p>[theearthmoves/trembles]</p><p>flood</p><p>[too much rain]</p><p>drought /draUt/</p><p>[no rain]</p><p>volcano /vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ/</p><p>[hot liquid rock and gases</p><p>pour from a mountain]</p><p>famine /'f{mIn/ [no food] landslide [rocks and earth moving suddenly down a slope]</p><p>epidemic [disease affecting large numbers of people] explosion (e.g. a bomb)</p><p>major accident / incident (e.g. a plane crash)</p><p>hurricane / tornado /tO:'neId@U/</p><p>typhoon / tropical storm [violent wind / storm]</p><p>war / civil war [civil war is war between people</p><p>of the same country]</p><p>Disasters not caused by human beings can</p><p>be called natural disasters.</p><p>Verbs connected with these words</p><p>A volcano has erupted in Indonesia. Hundreds are feared dead. The flu epidemic spread rapidly</p><p>throughout the country. Millions are starving as a result of the famine. A big earthquake shook</p><p>the city at noon today. The area is suffering its worst drought for many years. Civil war has</p><p>broken out in the north of the country. A tornado swept through the islands yesterday.</p><p>Words for people involved in disasters/ tragedies</p><p>The explosion resulted in 300 casualties. /'k{Zju@lti:z/ [dead and injured people]</p><p>The real victims of civil war are children left without parents. [those who suffer the results]</p><p>There were only three survivors /s@'vaIv@z/. All the other passengers were reported dead. [people</p><p>who live through a disaster]</p><p>Thousands of refugees /refjU'dZi:z/ have crossed the border looking for food and shelter.</p><p>[people who have escaped from their own country because of a war or other disaster]</p><p>Millions of migrants enter the country each year, looking for a better life. [people who travel from one</p><p>country to another, often in order to find work]</p><p>During the battle, the dead and wounded /'wu:ndId/ were flown out in helicopters.</p><p>[wounded: injured in a battle / by a weapon]</p><p>Diseases/ epidemics</p><p>Here are some headlines from newspapers all connected with diseases and epidemics. Explanations</p><p>are given.</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>C</p><p>Language help</p><p>Injure /'IndZ@/ is used about people.</p><p>Damage /'d{mIdZ/ is used about things.</p><p>200 people were injured. Many buildings were damaged.</p><p>/'reIbi:z/ disease</p><p>can be caused</p><p>by bite from a</p><p>dog, fox, etc.,</p><p>very serious</p><p>/m@'le@rI@/ usually</p><p>caught because of</p><p>mosquito bites</p><p>acquired immune</p><p>deficiency syndrome;</p><p>often caused by sexual</p><p>contact or contact with</p><p>contaminated blood</p><p>/ˈkɒlərə/ /ˈtaɪfɔɪd/</p><p>diseases causing</p><p>sickness, diarrhoea,</p><p>etc., caused often</p><p>by infected food</p><p>and water</p><p>Cholera and typhoid</p><p>injections not needed</p><p>says Tourism Minister</p><p>Rabies out of</p><p>control in many</p><p>parts of Asia</p><p>New AIDS unit</p><p>to be opened</p><p>this month</p><p>New malaria</p><p>drug tested</p><p>32 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate</p><p>Exercises</p><p>What type of disaster from the list in A opposite are these sentences about? Why?</p><p>1 The lava flow destroyed three villages.Volcano - lava is the hot liquid rock from the mountain</p><p>2 The aft ershock struck at 3.35 pm local time.</p><p>3 People had boarded up shops and houses during the day before, and stayed indoors.</p><p>4 Gunfire could be heard all over the town.</p><p>5 Witnesses said they saw a fireball fall out of the sky.</p><p>6 People had to stay on the upper floors and sometimes on the roofs of their homes.</p><p>7 The earth is cracked and vegetation has dried up.</p><p>8 They quite often happen in this area of the mountains and it can take some time for the roads to be</p><p>cleared, especially if trees have been brought down too.</p><p>Complete the missing items in this word-class table, using a dictionary if necessary.</p><p>Where the space is shaded, you do not need to write anything.</p><p>verb noun: thing or idea noun: person</p><p>explode explosion</p><p>survivor</p><p>injure</p><p>starve</p><p>erupt</p><p>In these headlines, say whether the situation seems to be getting worse or better, or</p><p>whether a disaster has happened or has been avoided/prevented.</p><p>Fill the gaps with a suitable word from B opposite. Try to work from memory.</p><p>1 Another 50 people died today, all of the famine.</p><p>2 Over 5 million have fled the war and are seeking shelter in neighbouring countries.</p><p>3 It was the worst road accident the country has ever seen, with over 120 .</p><p>4 A: Were there any when the ship sank? B: I’m afraid not.</p><p>5 The and were left lying on the battlefield; it was a disgrace.</p><p>6 The number of economic entering the country each year has increased sharply.</p><p>Which diseases are these? Try to do this from memory.</p><p>1 One that can be caused by a mosquito bite. malaria</p><p>2 One you can get by drinking infected water.</p><p>3 One you can get from an animal bite.</p><p>4 One caused by a virus which destroys the body’s immune system.</p><p>13.1</p><p>13.2</p><p>13.3</p><p>13.4</p><p>victims</p><p>13.5</p><p>Experts warn of</p><p>cholera time bomb</p><p>Poison gas cloud</p><p>spreads</p><p>All survive plane’s</p><p>emergency landing</p><p>Flood warnings</p><p>not heeded in time</p><p>POLICE DEFUSE</p><p>TERRORIST BOMB</p><p>OIL SLICK</p><p>RECEDES</p><p>1</p><p>6</p><p>5</p><p>4</p><p>3</p><p>2</p><p>getting worse</p><p>English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 33</p><p>14 Education</p><p>A Stages in a person’s education (UK system)</p><p>The youngest children start their education in a crèche /kreʃ/, where they</p><p>mostly play but also do some early learning activities. After that, they may</p><p>go to a nursery school. Between the ages of five and 11, children attend</p><p>primary school, where they learn the basics of reading, writing, arithmetic,</p><p>etc. For most children, secondary education begins when they enter a</p><p>comprehensive school or a more traditional grammar school (to which</p><p>they gain admission by sitting an exam). The famous UK public schools are</p><p>in fact private, fee-paying schools. Between the ages of 11 and 18, young</p><p>people take a wide range of subjects in arts, sciences and technical areas.</p><p>In the UK, pupils can leave school at the age of 16, although many young</p><p>people choose to remain in full-time education until the age of 18. (In</p><p>England it is compulsory for young people to continue with some form</p><p>of education or training until they are 18 [they must do it], even if they also</p><p>have a job.) From 16 to 18 young people may study at secondary school or</p><p>at a sixth-form college, aft er which they may go on to higher education.</p><p>Exams and qualifications</p><p>You take/do/sit an exam or resit1 an exam. At schools and</p><p>sixth-form colleges in the UK, students have to take formal</p><p>end-of-year exams. At 18, a lot of students sit their university</p><p>entrance exams, commonly referred to as ‘A levels’. Students</p><p>are usually given marks (e.g. 75%) or grades (e.g. A, B+, C).</p><p>If you pass and do well, you get a high grade. If you fail, you</p><p>don’t get the minimum grade. If you skip classes2, you’ll</p><p>probably do badly in the exam.</p><p>1 take it again if you did badly first time</p><p>2 miss deliberately; infml</p><p>Technology</p><p>With an LMS or a VLE1, students can work online and do</p><p>more distance2 learning or blended3 learning. Teachers</p><p>can monitor4 students’ activities and progress5; students</p><p>can choose courses and/or modules6,</p>
d) Registre os valores aproximados das frequências dos três picos na Tabela 3.
e) Compare o espectro obtido no simulador, assim como os valores das frequências, com o espectro do conjunto sem defeito na engrenagem. Identifique as diferenças entre eles.
f) Conclua a respeito do comportamento do espectro obtido pelo conjunto com engrenagem defeituosa e explique de maneira sucinta como a análise de espectro vibracional é conduzida para identificação de
ETAPA 2 Para dar continuidade na análise de vibrações do sistema, você precisará fazer a modelagem matemática para encontrar os resultados necessários. Para isso, considere a massa do sistema em análi
a) Faça o modelo massa-mola-amortecedor que pode representar o sistema em estudo.
b) Qual a frequência natural do sistema em rpm?
b) Qual a frequência natural do sistema em rpm?
b) Qual a frequência natural do sistema em rpm?
a) Faça o modelo massa-mola-amortecedor que pode representar o sistema em estudo.
a) Faça o modelo massa-mola-amortecedor que pode representar o sistema em estudo.
ETAPA 2 Para dar continuidade na análise de vibrações do sistema, você precisará fazer a modelagem matemática para encontrar os resultados necessários. Para isso, considere a massa do sistema em análi
ETAPA 2 Para dar continuidade na análise de vibrações do sistema, você precisará fazer a modelagem matemática para encontrar os resultados necessários. Para isso, considere a massa do sistema em análi
f) Conclua a respeito do comportamento do espectro obtido pelo conjunto com engrenagem defeituosa e explique de maneira sucinta como a análise de espectro vibracional é conduzida para identificação de
grupos de pessoas formadas com objetivo de formar alianças estrategicas nas organizações. nesse tipo de grupo existe pacto ou acordo entre os parti...
A LDB dá direito ao presidiário de continuar seus estudos. E com isso eles adquirem certas vantagens em dar continuidade aos estudos. Estudando el...
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Marque a resposta certa de acordo com o PCNEM: Contextualizar o conteúdo nas aulas com os alunos significa segundamente assumir que todo conhecime...
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realidade virtual (VR) e a realidade aumentada (AR) são apontadas como ferramentas promissoras na educação digital. Em relação ao ensino de alunos ...
Qual das alternativas a seguir É um exemplo de extinção? Escolha uma opção: a. Toda vez que a criança ia ao shopping e pedia um brinquedo os pais ...
E) Apenas III, IV. Questão 7: O professor não diretivo acredita que o aluno aprende por si mesmo. Ele pode, no máximo, auxiliar a aprendizagem d...
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A brinquedoteca é um recurso ludopedagógico muito importante, utilizado pelo pedagogo. Para a criança, o brincar traz satisfação e felicidade, mas ...
obre os conceitos de punição positiva e negativa é correto afirmar que: Escolha uma opção: a. Possuem efeito imediato e temporário b. A punição po...
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